Z^V, 


A 

A 

0 
0 
0 


READING  &>  1 
LANGUAGE  | 
LESSONS 

R  EVENING  SCHOOLS 


WILLIAM  ^  E-CHANCELLOR 


Hid 


iV 


/c 


ST A'TE  MOIMAI.  SCHCK^L 

LOS  ANGEIJSS.  CAUi-OBi^iA 


-i-ix^oiiKU 


■LOS  Al^Q^i^^o 


.v^, 


^   . 


^  • " 


READING 


AND 


LANGUAGE    LESSONS 


FOR  EVENING  SCHOOLS 


BY 


WILLIAM   E.    CHANCELLOR 

SUPKRINTENDENT   OF   SCHOOLS,    NORWALK,   CONN. 
WITH    AX    INTRODUCTION    BY 

MRS.   MONTAYNE   PERRY 

FORMERLY    DIRECTOR    OF    NIGHT    SCHOOLS    IN    SALEM,    MASS. 


NEW  YORK  •:    CINCINNATI    :•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


Copyright,  1904,  1912,  bt 
WILLIAM  E.  CHANCELLOR. 

Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 


BSADIN(:    AND    LANOUAQE. 
W.  P.   13 


zs 


C  3^T 
PREFACE 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  present  a  series  of 
practical  lessons  in  reading,  spelling,  and  language  for 
the  foreign-born  and  for  adult  beginners.  The  method 
is  that  of  the  word  with  the  object  represented  picto- 
rially.  This  method  is  combined  with  a  system  of  ele- 
mentary instruction  in  the  principles  and  practice  of 
English  speech  and  writing. 

All  the  lessons  are  based  upon  class-room  experience  in 
teaching  the  foreign-born.  The  subject-matter  is  familiar 
to  students  of  evening  schools.  In  all  of  the  lessons 
talking  the  language  precedes  writing  it. 

This  text-book  is  designed  for  use  in  classes  composed 
of  students  of  several  nationalities  as  well  as  in  classes 
of  but  one  nationality.  It  may  also  be  used  in  classes  of 
native-born  adults  who  do  not  read  and  write  English. 
Evening-school  students  wish  to  know  the  vernacular, 
both  spoken  and  written,  and  are  not  concerned  with 
language  as  a  means  of  understanding  literature.  They 
study  English  for  the  sake  of  communicating  with  others, 
and  need  an  accurate  and  fairly  large  vocabulary  of  words 
relating  to  common  matters. 

The  subject  is  here  presented  in  a  plain,  direct,  matter- 
of-fact,  conversational  way,  such  as  has  been  found  suc- 
cessful through  a  period  of  years. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book  several  teachers  have 
given  helpful  counsel,  among  whom  I  am  especially  in- 
debted to  Mr.  Frederic  N.  Brown,  Principal  of  the 
Bloomfield  Evening  Schools,  and  to  Mrs.  Montayne 
Perry,  formerly  Director  of  a  Night  School  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  who  has  supplied  the  introduction,  showing   how 

to  use  the  book. 

W.  E.  C. 
iii 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

How  TO  Use  this  Book v 

Reading  fur  Adult  Beginners    .....         1 
Lessons  in  Language 83 


5v 


HOW   TO    USE   THIS   BOOK 

« 

DIRECTIONS   FOR   THE    DAILY    GUIDANCE   OF 
TEACHERS   AND   LEARNERS 

I 

Study  the  reading  lessons  to  page  15. 

Learn  to  pronounce  and  spell  all  the  words  on  page  15. 

On  pages  11   and    12,   write  a  paragraph  about   each 
picture,   answering  the   questions  at  the   bottom  of  the 
page. 
— JR«ad  page  83.     Answer  all  the  questions. 

Learn  the  lines  in  italics. 

Make  a  sentence  about  each  of  the  words  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page. 

Study  page  84  and  fill  the  blank  spaces,  as  directed. 

Write  simple  subjects  for  these  statements  : 

went  home.  will  go  tomorrow. 

can  swim.  are  flying. 

Write  modified  subjects  for  tliese  statements : 

is  very  pretty. are  sour. 

are  heavy. are  sweet. 

ran  away. cannot  go. 

n 

Study  the  reading  lessons  on  pages  16-23. 
Learn  to  spell  all  the  words  on  page  24. 
Write  answers  to  the  questions  on  page  19. 
Write  answers  to  the  questions  on  page  21 . 


vi  n01V   TO    USE   THIS   BOOK 

Copy  the  luinies  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces  in  the  sentences  on  page  85. 

Study  pages  85  and  86  very  carefully. 

Write  a  modified  subject  for  each  verb  at  the  bottom  of 
page  85. 

Make  sentences  combining  the  nouns  and  verbs,  as  sug- 
gested. 

Ill 

Study  the  reading  lessons  on  pages  25-32. 
Learn  to  spell  all  the  words  on  page  33. 
Describe  the  picture  on  page  27  by  answering  the  ques- 
tions at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

Answer  the  questions  on  pages  30  and  32. 

Fill  the  blanks  in  the  sentences  on  page  87. 

Write  sentences,  as  directed  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

Write  answers  to  the  questions  on  page  88. 

Underscore  all  the  verbs. 

IV 

Study  pages  34-37. 

Answer  the  questions  on  page  36.  Answer  those  on 
page  37. 

Write  five  sentences  about  the  sky. 

Learn  to  spell  the  first  two  columns  of  words  on 
page  43. 

Study  page  89. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces  in  the  sentences.  Underscore  the 
singular  subjects. 

(The  singular  is  the  form  that  denotes  but  one.  The  plural  is  the 
form  that  denotes  more  than  one.) 

Write  sentences,  as  directed  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 


HOW  TO    USE   THIS  BOOK  Vll 

Write  the  plural  forms  of  the  following  words : 
boy  man  baby  knife 

girl  woman  country  wolf 

baker  child  daisy  half 

Learn  the  list  of  abbreviations  on  page  90. 

V 

Study  pages  38-42. 

Answer  the  questions  on  pages  39  and  40. 

Describe  the  picture  on  page  41. 

Write  in  sentences  basket,  people,  mountains,  command, 
contains. 

Learn  to  spell  the  last  two  columns  of  words  on  page  43. 

On  page  91,  learn  the  months.  Learn  to  write  the 
name  and  the  abbreviation,  and  also  to  tell  the  number  of 
days  in  each  month. 

Complete  the  following  sentences  by  writing  the  correct 
dates : 

My  birthday  is . 


Christmas  day  is . 

Washington's  birthday  is 
America  was  discovered  - 


President  Taft  was  inaugurated . 

January  and  August  have  each days. 

is  the  shortest  month  in  the  year. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces  in  the  sentences  on  page  92. 
Write  the  sentences  suggested  at  the  bottom  of  the  page, 
and  underscore  the  verbs. 

VI 

Study  pages  44-48. 

Learn  to  spell  the  first  two  columns  of  words  on  page  58. 


viii  UOW   TO    USE   THIS   BOOK 

VII.     Review  Lessons 

1.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  modified  subject. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  simple  predicate. 

8.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  plural  form  of  the 
word  child. 

4.  Complete  the  following  sentences  by  filling  the 
blanks  with  verbs : 

The  girl .  The  boys . 

The  bird .  The  dogs . 

The  children .  Some  men . 

5.  Write  the  abbreviations  for  street,  south,  morning, 
number.  Mister,  post  office,  company,  railroad,  afternoon. 
United  States. 

6.  Write  the  name  and  the  abbreviation  of  the  name 
of  each  month  having  thirty-one  days. 

7.  In  the  following  sentences  fill  the  blanks  with 
either  /or  we: 

am  going.  It  is . 

are  very  busy.  She  said could  not  go. 

have  some  money.       wish •  could  go. 

8.  Write  the  plural  forms  of  hahy,  man,  knife,  grocer. 

9.  Write  sentences  containing  kerosene,  provisions., 
obey,  umbrella,  medicine. 

10.  Write  five  sentences  about  American  citizenship. 

11.  Write  the  names  of  five  common  occupations 

VII 

Study  pages  49-53. 
Describe  tlie  picture  on  page  52. 
Write  five  sentences  about  sugar. 
Answer  the  questions  on  page  53. 


HOW  TO  u^i:  rui^s  book  ix 

Learn  to  spell  the  last  two  columns  of  words  on  page  58. 

Learn  the  underscored  sentence  on  page  93. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces,  as  directed. 

Write  in  a  sentence  each  noun  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

Underscore  the  pronouns  used  in  these  sentences. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces  in  the  sentences  on  page  9-4. 

Write  the  questions  suggested  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

VIII 

Study  pages  54-57. 

Describe  the  picture  on  page  56. 

Answer  the  questions  on  pages  54-57. 

Review  the  spelling  on  pages  15,  24,  -33,  43,  58. 

Page  95.  Copy  the  stanza  from  "  The  Village  Black- 
smith."    Answer  the  eight  questions  about  this  stanza. 

Secure  a  book  which  contains  "  The  Village  Blacksmith" 
and  read  the  whole  poem.  Make  a  list  of  all  the  verbs  in 
the  poem. 

Write  each  word  at  the  bottom  of  page  95  in  a  sentence. 

IX 

Study  pages  59—62. 

AVrite  five  sentences  about  salt. 

Write  in  sentences  convenient,  invented,  wooden,  steam, 
weight. 

Describe  the  picture  on  page  61. 

Answer  the  questions  on  page  62. 

Study  page  96.  Learn  the  underscored  sentences. 
Fill  the  blank  spaces,  as  directed.  Write  sentences,  as 
suggested  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

Fill  the  blanks  on  page  97.  Underscore  each  noun 
once.     Underscore  each  pronoun  twice. 


X  HOW   TO    USE   TUIS  BOOK 

X 

Study  pages  63-66. 

Write  live  sentences  about  feathers. 

Answer  the  questions  on  pages  64,  65,  and  66. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  nouns  on  page  6Q. 

Page  98.  Learn  what  is  said  about  adjectives.  Fill 
the  blank  spaces  with  adjectives. 

Study  the  explanation  at  the  top  of  page  99. 

Make  phrases  with  the  nouns  and  adjectives,  as  sug- 
gested. 

XI.     Review  Lessons 

Look  over  all  the  lessons  to  page  66  and  be  prepared  to 
be  examined  on  spelling  or  dictation. 

1.  Write  a  sentence  containing  two  nouns. 

2.  Write  a  sentence  containing  one  pronoun  and  two 
adjectives. 

3.  Write  a  sentence  containing  a  possessive  pronoun. 

4.  Write  a  sentence  having  a  modified  subject  and  a 
simple  predicate. 

5.  Write  the  abbreviations  for  the  names  of  the  win- 
ter months.  Write  also  the  abbreviations  of  the  names  of 
the  days  of  the  week. 

6.  Fill  the  blanks  in  the  following  sentences  with 
adjectives : 

The  blacksmith  has and hands. 

He  gave  me apples. 

Coal  is  a mineral.       Copper  is  a . 

There  arc stripes  in  the  American  flag. 

7.  Write  five  sentences  about  the  American  flag. 


HOW  TO    USE   THIS  BOOE  XI 

8.  Fill   the  blanks  in  the   following  sentences  with 
verbs : 

The  dog .  The  dogs . 

The  books on  the  table. 

The  book on  the  table. 

The  boys going. 

9.  Write  in  sentences  the  singular   form  of  women, 
stories,  children,  mice,  geese. 

10.  Write  the  abbreviations  for  Avenue,  southeast, 
dozen,  New  York,  Reverend. 

XII 

Study  pages  67-69. 

Make  sentences  containing  furnace,  bottom,  heavier, 
plugged,  channels. 

Write  five  sentences  about  wrought  iron. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  adjectives  on  page  69. 

Answer  the  questions  on  page  67. 

Study  the  lines  on  page  100  which  contain  italicized 
words. 

Fill  the  blank  spaces,  as  directed. 

Combine  the  sentences  on  page  101,  as  directed. 

XIII 

Study  pages  70-72. 

Select  five  words  at  the  top  of  page  70,  and  write  each 
in  a  sentence. 

Answer  the  questions  on  pages  70  and  71. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  nouns  on  page  72. 

Study  page  102.  Learn  the  correct  use  of  the  apos- 
trophe. What  is  a  contraction?  Write  five  common 
contractions. 


xii  ]I0]\'   TO    USE   THIS  BOOK 

Write  each  of  the  nine  contractions,  beginning  with 
ilon'U  ill  a  sentence. 

Write  the  sentences  at  bottom  of  the  page,  as  suggested. 
Study  page  10:5.     Learn  tlie  correct  use  of  has  and  have. 
Write  answers  to  the  questions  on  this  page. 
Fill  the  blank  spaces,  as  directed. 

XIV 

Study  pages  78-74. 

Write  sentences  containing  dispute,  immediately,  tre- 
mendous, conquered,  resist. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  verbs  and  the  pronouns  on  page  74. 

Read  the  fable  of  the  "Wind  and  the  Sun"  several  times, 
then  write  it  from  memory. 

Copy  the  stanza  at  the  top  of  page  104.  Answer  the 
twelve  questions.     Learn  the  last  sentence. 

Secure  a  book  containing  "The  One  Hoss  Shay,"  and 
read  the  whole  poem. 

Make  a  list  of  all  the  nouns  in  this  poem. 

XV 

Study  pages  75-76. 
^  Write  compound   predicates  for  the  following  nouns : 
bridge,  brook,  world,  property,  persons. 

Make  a  list  of  the  adjectives  on  page  75. 

Answer  the  questions  on  page  75. 

Write  the  story  of  "The  Kind  Mayor". from  memory. 

Study  the  first  two  columns  of  words  on  page  82. 

Study  page  105.     Fill  the  blanks  in  the  sentences. 

Do  the  work  suggested  at  bottom  of  page  100. 

Memorize  the  lines  about  "The  Mountain  and  the 
Squirrel." 


BOW  TO    USE   THIS   BOOK  XIU 

XVI.     Review   Lessons 

Look  over  all  the  lessons  to  page  76,  and  be  prepared 
for  examination  in  spelling  or  dictation. 

1.  Make  a  list  of  the  adjectives  on  page  69. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  the  nouns  on  page  70. 

3.  Fill  the  blanks  in  the  following  sentences  with  this, 
that,  these  or  those  : 

book  is  mine  and book  is  John's. 

grapes  on  the  vine  are  not  so  sweet  as 1  have. 

4.  Write  sentences  containing  expands,  artificial,  scarce, 
support,  reflection. 

5.  In   the  following  sentences,   write   the  contracted 
forms  in  full : 

I  don't  like  him.  We're  going  to  visit  you.  She  can't 
learn  her  lesson.  He  doesn't  know  where  his  hat  is. 
They're  going  to  visit  their  mother. 

6.  Make  a  list  of  the  pronouns  in  question  5.     Under- 
score the  possessive  pronouns. 

7.  In  the  following  sentences  fill  the  blanks  with  has  or 
have : 

I not  seen  him.     She gone  home.     Mary  and 

Jane  gone  to  church.     I  think  they been  here. 

She been  seen  near  here. 

8.  Write  two  sentences  containing  was. 
Write  three  sentences  containing  were. 

9.  Write  two  sentences  with  plural  subjects. 
Write  a  rule  for  the  use  of  capital  letters. 

10.    Combine  these  five  sentences  into  a  single  sentence: 
A  dog  is  running  down  the  street.     He  is  a  small,  brown 

dog.     He  is  chasing  a  squirrel.     The  squirrel  is  a  large, 

gray  one.     The  dog  is  barking  furiously. 


xiv  HOW    TO    USE   THIS   BOOK 

XVII 

Study  pages  77-78. 

Write  ten  sentences  about  trades-unions. 

Write  sentences  containing  the  singular  form  of  worJc- 
men,  employers^  societies^  hours. 

Describe  the  picture  on  page  78. 

Fill  the  blanks  in  the  following  sentences  by  telling 
what  part  of  speech  each  italicized  word  is : 

Whale  is  a .  Dangerous  is  an . 

Carried  is  a .  Throwing  is  a . 

He  is  a .  Eight  is  an . 

Rope  is  a .  Make  is  a . 

Study  the  third  column  of  words  on  page  82. 

Study  about  adverbs  on  page  107.  Fill  the  blank 
spaces,  as  directed. 

Write  in  a  sentence  each  adverb  at  the  bottom  of  the 
page. 

XVIII 

Study  pages  79-80. 

Write  sentences  containing  burden^  nutriment.,  import., 
plentiful.,  sivift. 

Learn  to  spell  the  words  at  the  top  of  page  80.  Write 
ten  of  these  words  in  sentences. 

Make  lists  of  the  nouns  and  adjectives  on  page  80. 

Answer  the  questions  at  the  bottom  of  page  80. 

Learn  italicized  sentences  on  page  108. 

Write  possessive  singular  and  possessive  plural  forms 
of  hoy,  man,  sister,  cat,  girl,  child,  uncle. 

Write  the  sentences  at  the  bottom  of  page  108,  as 
flirected. 


HOW  TO    USE   THIS  BOOK  XV 

On  page  109  combine  the  groups  into  single  sentences. 

Copy  the  following  exercise,  underscoring  each  of  the 
adverbs : 

To-day  I  took  my  dog  for  a  walk.  I  often  take  him 
with  me,  so  he  came  quickly  when  he  heard  my  whistle, 
wagging  his  tail  joyfully.  He  was  soon  chasing  squirrels, 
but  they  soon  escaped  him  and  chattered  saucily  at  him 
from  the  treetops.  It  was  quite  cool,  so  we  came  home 
earlier  than  we  usually  do. 

XIX 

Study  page  81.  Select  ten  words  and  write  them  in 
sentences. 

Fill  the  blanks  in  the  following  sentences  by  telling 
what  part  of  speech  each  italicized  word  is : 

Paper  is  a .  Write  is  a . 

Is  is  a .  Editor  is  a . 

Each  is  an .  Sell  is  a . 

Thei/  is  a .  Great  is  an . 


Answer  the  questions  at  the  bottom  of  page  81. 

Study  the  last  column  of  words  on  page  82. 

Learn  the  italicized  lines  on  page  110.  Write  the 
sentences  suggested  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

Study  page  111.  Write  the  two  letters  suggested  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page. 

XX.     Review   Lessons 

1.  The  teacher  will  dictate  fifty  review  words  for 
spelling. 

2.  The  teacher  will  dictate  five  sentences  to  write. 


xvi  HOW   TO    USE   THIS   BOOK 

3.  Write  a  letter  to  Chas.  B.  Cross,  64  Brookfield 
Street,  New  York  City,  asking  him  to  send  fifteen  boxes 
of  eolorc'd  crayons  to  your  address. 

4.  Make  separate  lists  of  the  nouns,  the  pronouns,  the 
verbs,  the  adjectives,  and  the  adverbs  in  the  following- 
exercise  : 

Nearly  everything  that  we  wear  or  use  is  made  or  manu- 
factured from  raw  material,  such  as  wool,  cotton,  wheat, 
iron,  or  clay.  Most  of  the  things  we  wear  are  made  in 
large  factories  which  are  scattered  over  the  United  States. 

From  the  eastern  cities  of  Massachusetts  we  get  most 
of  our  boots  and  shoes  and  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

The  United  States  does  about  one  third  of  the  manu- 
facturing in  the  world.  'I'hings  are  made  very  cheaply 
here. 

5.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  possessive  plural  of 
child. 

6.  Write  sentences  in  which  these  words  are  properly 
used  :  were,  has,  those,  that,  their. 

7.  Write  a  composition  of  not  less  than  one  hundred 
words  about  the  United  States. 


READING  AND  LANGUAGE  LESSONS 
FOR  EVENING  SCHOOLS 

READING   FOR   ADULT    BEGINNERS 

THE  ALPHABET 

There  are  a  great  many  words  in  the  English  language,  hut 
only  twenty-six  letters.  These  letters  in  their  proper  order 
are  called  the  alphabet.  Learn  both  the  printed  and  the 
written  form  of  each  letter. 

NAMES   OF   THE   LETTERS 

CC    hay  ^J    ball  ^     face 

ABC 


^  f\  ^ 


o 


a  b                          c 

-^  clog              ^  wheel           c/    fan 

D  E                         F 

d  e                         f 


Note.  —  5  has  a  soft  sounrl  —  fnce,  city. 
€  has  a  hard  sound  —  cat,  coal. 

1 


HEADING 


(/-     cage 
G 


P 

A 
p 


ill. 


I 


J 

J 


pear 


#    hat 
H 


JC    key 
K 

-A        ^ 


k 


n 


2. 

Q 

f 


quail 


J 
I 

1 


L 
1 


72-     name  (/ 


0 

R 

A. 
r 


fire 


#1 

4^ 


lock 


oar 


rope 


NoTK.  —  g  has  a  so/(  sound  —  cage,  gem. 

i>  has  a  hard  sound  —  goat,  game. 
q  is  a  letter  that,  in  the  English  language,  is  always  followed  by  another 
letter,  u.     Other  words  with  q  in  them  are  queen,  squeal,  quart,  question. 


BEADING 


3 


^    safe 

c7 

top 

S 

T 

s 

t 

0 

u       vine 

Z^ 

watch 

y          . 

W 

^^      ^ 

u^r 

© 

V 

w 

•^     mule 
U 


u 


Y 

y 


fly 


^     zebra 


7 


Note. — These  letters  of  the  English  alphabet  represent  many  more 
sounds  than  their  number  seems  to  indicate.  There  are  twenty-six 
letters.  Tlie  language  has  forty-four  distinctly  different  sounds,  and  in 
all  eighty  and  more  different  sounds,  of  which  some,  however,  are  but 
slightly  different  from  the  others.  The  letters  b,  k,  m,  n,  p,  q,  r,  t,  v, 
and  w  have  each  but  one  important  sound  to  be  learned. 


4 

BEADING 

ENGLISH   ALPHABET 

A 

a 

Uiy 

Oy 

N 

n 

n 

^n. 

B 

J 

B 

-& 

0 

0 

a 

cr 

C 

c 

C 

C- 

P 

V 

p 

A 

D 

d 

jy 

d 

Q 

4 

=2 

f 

E 

e 

c 

^ 

E 

r 

B 

A- 

F 

f 

c7 

/ 

S 

s 

J 

^ 

G 

g 

^ 

9- 

T 

t 

c7 

^ 

H 

"i 

A^ 

A 

U 

u 

u 

.-Uy 

I 

• 

1 

J 

9 

V 

V 

r 

^ 

J 

• 

J 

/ 

t 

W 

AV 

Vf 

u^y^ 

K 

k 

Z 

4> 

X 

X 

z 

X 

Li 

1 

X 

■/ 

Y 

y 

¥ 

y- 

M 

in 

M 

-rrb 

Z 

z 

? 

? 

• 


111  these  words  each  letter  in  roman  type  lias  its  alphabet 
sound : 

ate  face  dry  date  hold  me 

go  time  j)ole  jay  kind  box 

mule  vote  quite  wife  rope  adz 


BEADING 


NUMBERS 


one 

twenty-five 

cent 

half  dollar 


five 
fifty 
nickel 
doll  al- 


ien 

hundred 
dime 
make 


twenty 
thousand 
quarter 
liow 


Can  you  count  ?     Can  you  count  a  hundred  ? 

1  can  count  more  than  a  hundred. 

I  can  count  one  thousand.     Can  you  ? 

It  is  easy  to  learn  the  numbers  in  English. 

Five  cents  make  a  nickel.     Ten  cents  make  a  dime. 

Twenty-five  cents  make  a  quarter.  One  hundred  cents 
make  a  dollar.      Fifty  cents  make  a  half  dollar. 

Five  nickels  make  a  quarter.  Ten  nickels  make  a  half 
dollar.  Twenty  nickels  make  a  dollar.  Five  dimes  make 
a  luilf  dollar.  Ten  dimes  make  a  dollar.  Four  quarters 
make  a  dollar. 

How  many  cents  make  a  dollar?  How  many  dimes 
make  a  half  dollar?  How  many  cents  make  a  dime? 
How  many  cents  make  a  quarter? 


A  LESSON   IN   FIGURES 


1  one 

5  five 

9  nine 
13  thirteen 
17  seventeen 
30  thirty 
70  seventy 


2  two 

6  six 
10  ten 
14  fourteen 
18  eighteen 
40  forty 
80  eighty 


100  one  hundred 


3  three ' 

7  seven 

11  eleven 

15  fifteen 

19  nineteen 

50  fifty 

90  ninety 

1000  one  thousand 


4  four 


8  eight 
12  twelve 
IG  sixteen 
20  twenty 
60  sixty 


6 

• 

READING 
OUR    BODIES 

*■ 

man 

head 

two  (2)         arm 

hand 

finger 

leg 

feet 

mouth            eye 

ear 

knee 

teeth 

tongue 

hair                and 

the 

has 

A  man  lias  two  eyes  and  one  mouth.  The  tongue  is 
in  the  mouth.  The  hair  is  on  the  head.  The  teeth  are  in 
the  mouth.  A  man  has  two  arms  and  two  hands.  A 
man  has  two  legs  and  two  feet.  A  man  has  two  ears  on 
his  head.     A  man  has  ten  fingers. 

What  has  a  man  on  his  head  ?  What  has  a  man  in  his 
mouth?  How  many  fingers  has  a  man?  How  many 
fingers  has  a  man  on  one  hand  ?  How  many  legs  has  a 
man  ?     How  many  ears  has  a  man  ? 


ALPHABET   LESSON 

A  a 

B  b 

Cc 

Dd 

Ee 

Ff          Gg 

Hh 

I    i 

J  J 

Kk 

LI 

Mm         N  n 

Oo 

P  p 

Qq 

R  r 

Ss 

Tt           Uu 

Vv 

Ww 

Xx 

Yy 

Zz 

&  and 

ball 

bat 

feet 

it 

next 

playing 

game 

put 

home 

air 

just 

back 

quit 

went 

touch 

that 

whizzed          thought 

catch 

other 

side 

run 

seemed 

through 

How  the  ball  whizzed  through  the  air  !  It  went  far. 
The  man  did  not  catch  it.  The  batter  thought  that  he 
made  a  home  run,  but  he  did  not  touch  third  base.  He 
went  back  but  was  put  out.  His  side  did  not  quit  play- 
ing.    The  next  man  hit  just  as  hard  and  won  the  game. 


BEADING 


IN  THE   CORNFIELD 


picking 

corn 

him 

field 

stands 

stalk 

good 

his 

has 

doing 

is 

very- 

with 

eat 

above 

he 

like 

higher 

The  man  stands  in  a  cornfield.  He  is  picking  the 
corn  from  the  stalk.  He  has  an  ear  of  corn  in  his  hand. 
He  will  take  the  corn  home  with  him.  Corn  is  very  good 
to  eat.  The  cornstalk  stands  higher  than  the  man.  The 
man  has  the  corn  in  his  right  hand.  He  has  the  stalk  in 
his  left  hand. 

Where  does  the  man  stand  ?  Do  you  like  to  eat  corn  ? 
What  is  the  man  doing?  What 'has  he  in  his  hand? 
In  which  hand  has  he  the  ear  of  corn?  Does  the  corn 
stand  higher  than  the  man  ? 


8 


JiEADING 


carrying 

very- 

tied 

boy 

gathered 

girl 

home 

they 

back 

warm 

fire 

trees 

from 

make 

have 

branches 

CARRYING   WOOD 

wood 

straps 

dropped 

heavy 

The  boy  and  the  girl  are  carrying  wood  on  their  backs. 
The  wood  is  tied  on  their  backs  with  straps.  The  wood 
is  very  heavy.  The  boy  and  the  girl  have  gathered  the 
branches.  The  branches  have  dropped  fro'i  the  trees. 
They  will  make  a  fire  from  the  branches.  The  fire  will 
keep  them  warm. 

What  are  the  boy  and  the  girl  carrying  ?  Where  is  the 
wood  ?  How  is  the  wood  tied  on  their  backs  ?  Where 
are  they  carrying  the  wood  ?  Is  the  wood  heavy  ?  What 
will  they  make  from  the  branches  ? 


BEADING 

CLOTHING 

coat 

collar 

cuff           trousers 

boots 

butt( 

sleeve 

shirt 

cloth         foot 

my 

your 

black 

made 

where        leather 

on 

are 

9 


My  boots  are  on  my  feet.  Your  boots  are  on  your  feet. 
What  is  on  your  foot?  Your  coat  is  on  your  back. 
Your  trousers  are  on  your  legs.  My  boots  are  black.  My 
coat  is  made  of  cloth.  My  shirt  is  white.  Buttons  are  on 
your  coat.  Your  coat  has  two  sleeves.  Your  boots  are 
made  of  leather.  How  many  boots  have  you  ?  Where 
is  your  coat  ?  Of  what  is  your  coat  made  ?  How  many 
buttons  are  on  your  coat  ?  How  many  sleeves  has  your 
coat  ?  Is  your  coat  black  ?  Is  your  shirt  white  ?  Where 
are  your  boots  ? 

A  ROOM 

room  door         window       desk        pencil       floor 

wall  seat  wood  chalk       book         four  (4) 

smooth       paper       sharp  of  is  a,  an 

You  are  in  a  room.  The  room  has  four  walls.  The 
floor  is  made  of  wood.  The  desks  are  made  of  wood. 
The  desks  are  smooth.  The  chalk  is  white.  The  paper 
is  white.  Yo-n-  pencil  is  sharp.  Your  pencil  is  in  your 
hand.  You  have  one  pencil.  You  are  on  a  seat.  You 
have  a  book.     The  room  has  one  door. 

How  many  desks  are  there  in  the  room  ?  Of  what  is 
your  pencil  made  ?  Of  what  is  your  book  made  ?  Where 
is  your  pencil  ?  How  many  walls  has  the  room  ?  How 
many  windows  are  there  in  the  room  ?     Is  paper  smooth  ? 


10 


READING 


>«^<^ 


A  FARMER 


hoe  iron  earth  handle  field  there 

around     behind       hard  soft  not  his 

The  man  has  a  hoe  in  his  hands.  The  hoe  is  made  of 
iron  and  wood.  The  handle  is  made  of  wood.  Iron  is 
hard.  Cloth  is  not  hard  but  soft.  The  man  is  in  the 
field.  There  is  a  fence  around  the  field.  The  fence  is 
made  of  wood.  The  man's  hair  is  black.  His  shirt  is 
white.     His  hat  is  on  his  head.     His  feet  are  on  the  earth. 

What  has  the  man  in  his  hands  ?  Where  is  the  man  ? 
What  is  around  the  field  ?  What  is  the  fence  made  of  ? 
Where  is  the  man's  hat?  Is  iron  hard  or  soft?  Has  the 
man  a  coat? 


BEADING 


11 


A  HOUSE  ON  FIRE 


picture 

house 

brick 

this 

street 

in 

fire 

firemen 

hat 

ax 

red 

smoke 

window 

out 

who 

coming 

many 

they 

There  are  two  houses  in  the  picture.  One  house  is  on 
fire.  The  smoke  is  coming  out  of  the  door.  This  house 
has  five  windows.  There  are  five  men  in  the  street. 
They  are  firemen.  One  fireman  has  an  ax  in  his  hand. 
The  fire  is  hot.     This  house  is  made  of  brick. 

How  many  houses  are  there  in  the  picture  ?  How  many 
windows  are  there  in  this  house  ?  How  many  men  are 
there  in  the  street?  Who  has  the  ax?  Are  the  bricks 
red  ?  Is  there  a  man  in  the  window  ?  How  many  houses 
are  on  fire  ? 


12 


HEADING 


WASHING 


woman      tub  window       clothes       washing       bench 

phoes         kettle      hoops  handle       around         open 

The  woman  is  washing  clothes.  She  is  washing  them 
in  a  tub.  The  tub  is  made  of  wood.  The  tub  is  on  the 
bench.  The  tub  has  two  hoops  around  it.  The  hoops 
are  made  of  iron.  The  woman  has  an  apron.  The  win- 
dow is  open.  The  woman  has  shoes  on  her  feet.  There 
is  water  in  the  tub.     The  kettle  is  on  the  fire. 

What  is  the  wouian  doing?  Where  is  the  tub?  What 
is  there  in  the  tub?  How  many  hoops  are  there  around 
the  tub?  Where  is  the  kettle?  Of  what  is  the  kettle 
made?  What  has  the  woman  on  her  feet?  Is  the  win- 
dow shut?     Where  is  the  tub? 


RE  A  DIN  O 


13 


^^'^^ 


IN   THE    HAYFIELD 


horse 

hay 

load 

fork 

cart 

harness 

light 

wheel 

sun 

work 

bridge 

tree 

leaves 

brook 

water 

leather 

black 

green 

There  is  a  load  of  hay  on  the  cart.  Hay  is  light.  Iron 
is  heavy.  A  man  is  on  the  load  of  hay.  Another  man  is 
on  the  ground.  The  men  are  at  work.  The  man  on  the 
ground  is  putting  hay  on  the  cart.  He  has  a  fork  in  liis 
hands.  The  horse  has  tlie  harness  on  his  back.  The 
harness  is  made  of  leather.  The  cart  is  in  the  field.  A 
tree  stands  near  the  river.  The  leaves  on  the  tree  are 
green.     The  cart  has  two  wheels. 

Where  is  the  load  of  hay?  How  many  men  are  there  in 
this  picture?  How  many  legs  has  the  horse?  Of  what  is 
the  harness  made?  Of  what  are  the  wheels  made?  What 
stands  near  the  river?  What  is  in  the  river?  What  is 
the  color  of  the  leaves?     What  has  the  man  in  his  hands? 


14 


READING 


post 
pail 
four 


tied 

ground 

mane 


A   STABLE 

rope 

water 

nose 


horse  halter 

cleaning  brush 

suspenders      to 


The  horse  is  tied  to  the  post.  The  horse  is  tied  to  the 
post  with  a  rope.  The  horse  has  a  halter  on  his  head. 
The  post  is  made  of  wood.  The  pail  is  on  the  ground. 
The  pail  has  some  water  in  it.  The  pail  has  a  handle. 
The  man  is  cleaning  the  horse.  The  man  has  a  brush  in 
liis  hand.     The  man  lias  suspenders  on  his  back. 

To  what  is  the  horse  tied?  How  many  legs  has  the 
horse?  What  has  the  horse  on  his  head?  What  is  there 
in  the  pail?  Of  what  is  the  pail  made?  What  is  the 
man  doing?  Where  is  the  brush?  What  is  the  man 
doing  with  the  brush  ?     Has  the  man  a  coat  on  his  back  ? 


BEADING 

16 

REVIEW 

man 

my 

there 

open 

head 

buttons 

his 

horse 

leg 

your 

picture 

light 

feet 

room 

fire 

leaves 

tongue 

wall 

window 

hay 

teeth 

smooth 

house 

wheel 

hair 

road 

chimney 

draw 

mouth 

door 

fireman 

brook 

two 

seat 

out 

load 

arm 

paper 

brick 

sun 

eye 

write 

hat 

water 

hand 

wood 

this 

fork 

ear 

sharp 

ax 

work 

finger 

desk 

coming 

leather 

knee 

chalk 

street 

cart 

coat 

pencil 

red 

bridge 

sleeve 

book 

many 

harness 

black 

ground 

they 

tree 

collar 

four 

smoke 

green 

shirt 

hoe 

in 

post 

made 

around 

woman 

mail 

cuff 

iron 

shoes 

tied 

cloth 

behind 

tub 

mane 

where 

earth 

kettle 

rope 

trousers 

hard 

hoops 

water 

foot 

handle 

clothes 

nose 

leather 

soft 

washing 

cleaning 

boots 

field 

bench 

suspenders 

very 

who 

that 

stalk 

on 

carry 

up 

pick 

16 


BEADING 


A   WORKSHOP 


saw 

wood 

apron 


upon 

shop 
dull 


sharp 
collar 
file 


chisel 
plane 
hatchet 


vise 
wall 
board 


table 
floor 
cut 


The  man  has  a  hat  upon  his  head.  The  man  is  working. 
The  man  has  a  file  in  his  hand.  He  is  sharpening  tlie 
saw.  We  cut  wood  with  a  saw.  The  saw  has  a  handle. 
The  handle  is  made  of  wood.  The  table  is  made  of  wood. 
Tlie  vise  holds  the  saw.  There  is  a  hatchet  on  the  table. 
It  is  dull.  There  is  a  chisel  on  the  table.  The  chisel  is 
sharp.     The  man  has  an  apron. 

What  has  the  man  on  his  head  ?  Where  is  the  file  ? 
What  is  the  man  sharpening  ?  What  do  we  do  with  the 
saw  ?  Of  what  is  the  saw  made  ?  Of  what  is  the  handle 
of  the  saw  made  ?  What  holds  the  saw  ?  What  is  on  the 
table  ?     Is  the  hatchet  sharp  ? 


READING 


17 


THE   CLOCK 


name 

short 

call 

time 

to 

which 

clock        fastened        hour        minute 
long  past  by  sixty 

seven        week  year         fifty 

Tlie  clock  is  fastened  to  the  wall.  The  clock  has  two 
hands.  The  two  hands  are  called  the  hour  hand  and  the 
minute  hand.  The  hour  hand  is  short.  The  minute  hand 
is  long.  By  this  clock  it  is  twenty-seven  minutes  past 
one.  Sixty  minutes  make  an  hour.  Twenty-four  hours 
make  one  day.  Seven  days  make  one  week.  Fifty-two 
weeks  make  one  year. 

Where  is  the  clock  ?  .  How  many  hands  has  the  clock  ? 
What  are  the  names  of  the  two  hands  of  the  clock  ? 
Which  hand  is  long  ?  Is  the  hour  hand  short  or  long  ? 
Is  there  a  clock  in  this  room  ?  What  time  is  it  now  ? 
How  many  minutes  are  there  in  one  hour  ?  Of  what  are 
the  hands  made  ? 

BEAD.  EVE.  SCH.  — 2 


18 


READING 


\^ 


RIDING  A   HORSE 


fast 

walking 

horseshoe 


running 

sitting 

harness 


revolver 

stirrups 

holds 


belt 


reins 
back 


slow 

saddle 

whip 

The  horse  is  running  fast.  The  man  is  on  the  back  of 
the  horse.  The  man  has  a  revolver  in  his  belt.  The  man 
is  sitting  on  a  saddle.  The  saddle  is  made  of  leather. 
The  man's  feet  are  in  the  stirrups.  The  man  holds  the 
reins.  The  man  has  a  whip  in  his  hand.  The  harness  of 
the  horse  is  made  of  leather.  There  are  horseshoes  on  the 
feet  of  the  horse. 

How  is  the  horse  running?  Is  he  walking?  What  are 
made  of  leather?  On  what  is  the  man  sitting?  Where 
are  the  man's  feet?  How  many  horseshoes  has  the 
horse?  Of  what  are  the  horseshoes  made?  Where  is  the 
revolver?  What  does  the  man  hold  in  his  hand?  What 
has  the  man  on  his  head? 


BEADING  19 

AMERICAN   CITIZENSHIP 

foreign  country  right  abroad  different 

citizen  vote  elections  Union  foreigner 

become  free  State  return  naturalization 

native  serve  army  papers  protection 

Every  foreigner  who  comes  to  this  country  may  become 
a  citizen  of  this  country.  He  gives  up  his  old  country 
and  takes  a  new  one.  When  he  is  a  foreign  lord,  he 
must  give  up  his  title.  We  have  no  lords  in  America. 
The  laws  about  citizenship  are  different  in  the  different 
States  of  the  Union.  After  being  in  this  country  five 
years,  a  foreigner  may  become  an  American  citizen. 
Then  he  is  under  the  protection  of  the  United  States. 
He  is  not  a  citizen  of  his  native  country  any  more. 
His  native  country  cannot  make  him  come  back.  His 
native  country  cannot  make  him  serve  in  the  army. 
But  he  must  not  return  there  to  live.  He  may  vote  at 
all  elections  in  his  adopted  country.  He  has  all  the 
rights  of  native-born  citizens. 

The  thirteen  original  States  were  :  New  Hampshire, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

How  may  a  foreigner  become  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  ?  What  does  he  give  up  ?  From  what  is  he  free  ? 
How  many  years  must  he  wait  in  New  Jersey  before  he 
can  become  a  citizen  ?  May  he  return  to  his  native  land  ? 
When  he  becomes  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  what 
must  he  do  ?  What  rights  has  he  ?  Are  the  laws  alike 
in  all  the  States  of  the  Union  ? 


20 


MEADll^G 


A  KITCHEN 


full  flatiron 

hanging      stocking 
straw  shut 

She  is  ironinsr.     She 


kitchen     ironing      left         rug 
right         basket        stove       flowers 
line  heavy         cold        light 

The  woman  is  in  the  kitchen, 
has  a  flatiron  in  her  right  hand.  She  is  ironing  a  shirt. 
The  shirt  is  on  the  table.  A  basket  is  on  the  rug.  The 
basket  is  full  of  clothes.  There  is  a  stove  in  the  room. 
There  are  some  flowers  in  the  window.  Some  stockings 
are  hanging  on  the  line.     The  flatiron  is  heavy. 

On  what  is  the  woman  standing  ?  Is  the  flatiron  in  her 
left  hand  ?  Is  the  flatiron'  light  ?  What  color  is  the 
stove?  What  is  hanging  on  the  line?  Is  the  window 
shut?  What  is  in  the  basket?  Is  the  basket  made  of 
straw?  Is  the  stove  hot  or  cold?  Is  the  flatiron  hot' 
What  is  there  in  the  stove? 


It t: A  DING 


21 


CUTTING  GRAIN 


sharp  dull         sickle        large  small       people 

woman       boy  baby  hammock        tree  barrel 

foot  grain       leaves       color  green       steel 

There  are  four  people  in  this  old  picture.  There  are  a 
man,  a  woman,  a  boy,  and  a  baby.  They  are  in  the  field. 
The  man  has  a  sickle  in  his  hand.  He  is  cutting 
grain  with  the  sickle.  The  man  is  large.  The  boy  is 
small.  The  baby  is  in  a  hammock.  At  the  foot  of  the 
tree  there  is  a  barrel.  There  are  leaves  on  the  tree. 
Leaves  are  green.  The  sickle  is  made  of  steel.  It  is 
sharp.     This  picture  tells  of  the  old  times. 

How  many  people  are  there  in  this  picture  ?  Which  is 
the  smallest  ?  Where  is  the  baby  ?  What  has  the  woman 
on  her  head  ?  What  are  they  cutting  with  the  sickle  ? 
What  is  there  at  the  foot  of  the  tree  ?  What  is  the  color 
of  leaves  ?     Is  the  boy  large?     Is  the  sickle  dull  ? 


oo 


READING 


AT  THE   POST   OFFICE 


umbrella 

behind 

under 

letter 

each 

stamp 

corner 

long 

short 

beard 

glass 

panes 

keeps 

rain 

wet 

This  man  is  old.  He  has  a  basket  on  his  right  arm. 
The  old  man  has  an  umbrella  under  his  right  arm.  He 
has  a  letter  in  each  hand.  The  letter  has  a  stamp  in  the 
corner.  Tlie  man's  coat  is  long.  He  has  a  beard.  The 
post  office  is  behind  him.  The  window  of  the  post  office 
is  made  of  glass.  There  are  four  panes  of  glass  in  it. 
The  umbrella  keeps  off  the  rain.     Rain  is  wet. 

On  which  arm  is  the  old  man's  basket  ?  Of  what  is 
the  basket  made  ?  Where  is  the  umbrella  ?  Under  which 
arm  is  the  umbrella  ?  How  many  letters  has  the  old  man  ? 
What  has  each  letter  in  the  corner  ?  Is  his  coat  short  ? 
How  many  panes  of  glass  are  there  in  the  window  ? 


READING 


23 


A   SITTING   ROOM 


sewing 

machine 

needle 

thread 

steel 

pointed 

bookcase 

corner 

sitting 

chair 

over 

fireplace 

beyond 

some 

carpet 

The  woman  is  sewing  on  the  machine.  The  machine 
has  a  needle  and  some  thread.  The  needle  is  made  of 
steel.  It  is  pointed.  There  is  a  bookcase  in  the  corner 
of  the  room.  The  woman  is  sitting  in  the  chair.  There 
are  two  pictures  on  the  wall.  The  large  picture  is  over 
the  fireplace.  The  small  picture  is  beyond  the  large 
picture. 

What  is  the  woman  doing  ?  Where  is  she  sitting  ? 
Of  what  is  the  chair  made  ?  What  is  in  the  bookcase  ? 
How  many  books  can  you  see  ?  Which  picture  is  large  ? 
Which  picture  is  small  ?  How  many  rugs  are  in  the 
room  ?  Is  there  a  carpet  on  the  floor  ?  What  is  in  the 
fireplace  ?     Of  what  is  the  needle  made  ? 


24 

READING 

REVIEW 

halter 

which 

Union 

grain 

brush 

fast 

return 

sickle 

saw 

walking 

papers 

baby 

wood 

horseshoe 

become 

leaves 

apron 

slow 

protection 

large 

hatchet 

saddle 

free 

hammock 

file 

whip 

kitchen 

color 

chisel 

running 

right 

small 

pane 

sitting 

line 

people 

sharp 

riding 

ironing 

barrel 

vise 

revolver 

basket 

steel 

wall 

stirrups 

heavy 

umbrella 

board 

holds 

left 

stamp 

table 

belt 

stove 

glass 

cut 

reins 

cold 

corner 

dark 

back 

rug 

panes 

long 

wet 

flowers 

under 

seven 

citizen 

eight 

keeps 

fastened 

states 

full 

letter 

post 

native 

hanging 

rain 

week 

country 

straw 

each 

liour 

vote 

flatiron 

beard 

year 

serve 

stocking 

cost 

minute 

closed 

shut 

sewing 

sixty 

elections 

sharp 

printed 

fifty 

army 

smart 

over 

shoot 

naturalization 

dull 

macliine 

time 

abroad 

boy 

bookcase 

American 

different 

soup 

foreigner 

upon 

gathered 

original 

dull 

READING 


25 


THE    COBBLER 


tools 

earning 

money 

buy 

food 

cobbler 

mending 

sole 

driving 

nails 

bread 

butter 

starve 

between 

breakfast 

This  man  is  a  cobbler.  He  is  mending  a  boot.  He 
is  putting  a  new  sole  upon  the.  boot.  He  is  driving  nails 
into  the  sole  of  the  boot.  His  tools  are  on  the  bench. 
The  cobbler  is  earning  money.  He  must  have  money  to 
buy  food.  He  will  buy  bread  and  butter.  If  he  does  not 
have  food,  he  will  starve.  This  man  has  had  breakfast. 
He  will  work  hard  all  day. 

Who  is  this  man  ?  What  is  he  doing  ?  What  has  he 
between  his  knees  ?  What  is  he  driving  into  the  sole  of 
the  boot  ?  Why  is  the  cobbler  working  ?  What  will  he 
do  with  his  money  ?  (^an  he  live  without  food  ?  Is  this 
man  working  before  his  breakfast  ?  What  is  on  the  floor  ? 
What  is  in  the  tub  ? 


26 


READING 


Iiiii'ia3jpfe-Xi; 


Q/iU^ 


THE   BJ  ACKSMITH 

blacksmith      made  anvil  pincers  holes 

because  strong  weak  behind  fireplace 

This  man  is  a  blacksmith.  He  is  making  a  horseshoe. 
He  holds  the  horseshoe  with  the  pincers,  because  the 
horseshoe  is  hot.  The  horseshoe  is  on  the  anvil.  The 
blacksmith  is  a  strong  man.  The  fire  is  behind  him. 
The  fireplace  is  made  of  bricks. 

Who  is  this  man  ?  What  is  he  making  ?  In  which 
hand  are  the  pincers  ?  Why  does  he  hold  the  horseshoe 
with  the  pincers  ?  Where  is  the  horseshoe  ?  Is  the 
blacksmith  a  strong  man  or  a  weak  man  ?  Where  is  the 
fire?  Of  what  is  the  fireplace  made  ?  Wliut  is  the  color 
j)f  the  bricks  ? 


READING 


27 


soldier 

guns 

shot 


soon 

battle 

fight 


SOLDIERS 

horseback 

fire 

spokes 


standing        ground 
enemy  powder 

both 


looking 


There  are  six  soldiers  in  this  picture.  Two  soldiers  are 
on  horseback.  Four  soldiers  are  standing  on  the  ground. 
They  have  two  guns.  They  will  fire  off  the  guns  at  the 
enemy.  The  guns  have  powder  and  shot  in  them.  One 
of  the  guns  is  on  wheels.  There  are  eighteen  spokes  in 
the  wheel.     The  soldiers  may  soon  fight  in  a  battle. 

How  many  soldiers  do  you  see  ?  How  many  horses  are 
there  in  the  picture  ?  Are  all  the  soldiers  on  horseback  ? 
What  will  the  soldiers  do  with  the  guns  ?  What  is  in  the 
guns  ?  How  many  spokes  are  there  in  the  wheel  ?  Are 
both  the  guns  on  wheels  ?  At  what  are  the  soldiers 
looking  ? 


28 


READING 


■i*"9 


TRAVELING   BY   TRAIN 


train 

several 

ticket 

ride 

steam 

engine 

conductor 

pulls 

railroad 

fast 

car 

station 

mile 

track 

collects 

A  man  can  travel  very  fast  on  tlie  railroad.  He  gets 
into  a  train  at  the  station  and  rides  many  miles  an  hour. 
There  are  several  cars  in  the  train.  The  conductor  col- 
lects the  tickets.  The  engine  pulls  the  train  over  the 
track.  The  engine  goes  by  steam.  Those  who  travel 
should  buy  their  tickets  at  the  railroad  station. 

How  many  cars  are  there  in  a  train  ?  Where  does  a 
man  get  into  the  train  ?  What  must  a  man  buy  before  he 
gets  into  the  train  ?  What  does  the  conductor  do  ?  What 
pulls  the  train  ?  What  makes  the  engine  go  ?  Is  travel- 
ing in  the  train  slow?  Where  should  we  buy  our  railroad 
tickets  ?     Why  should  we  do  this  ? 


BEADING 

2d 

EATING 

table 

plate 

knife 

spoon 

fork 

knife 

cup 

saucer 

glass 

mouth 

food 

coffee 

milk 

sugar 

drink 

When  we  eat,  we  sit  down  at  a  table.  Each  person  has 
a  plate,  a  knife,  a  spoon,  a  cup  and  a  saucer,  and  a  glass. 
I  cut  my  food  with  my  knife.  My  food  is  on  my  plate.  I 
put  my  food  into  my  mouth  with  my  fork  and  my  spoon. 
I  drink  coffee  out  of  my  cup  and  set  the  cup  in  the  saucer. 

What  do  you  jout  in  your  coffee  to  make  it  sweet? 
Which  do  you  like  the  best,  coffee  or  milk  ?  What  is  the 
color  of  milk  ?  What  do  you  do  with  your  knife  ?  With 
what  do  you  put  your  food  into  your  mouth?  Out  of 
what  do  you  drink  water  ?  What  things  does  each  person 
have? 

DAILY   MEALS 


breakfast 

salt 

supper 

morning 

noon 

beefsteak 

dinner 

soup 

bread 

butter 

night 

potato 

meals 

meat 

apple 

I  eat  breakfast  in  the  morning.  I  eat  dinner  at  noon. 
I  eat  supper  at  night.  Beefsteak  is  meat.  We  put  butter 
on  our  bread.  We  have  three  meals  a  day.  The  apple 
is  a  kind  of  fruit.     The  potato  is  white. 

Wlien  do  you  eat  dinner  ?  When  do  you  have  supper? 
When  do  you  have  breakfast  ?  Which  meal  do  you  like 
the  best  ?  Where  do  we  get  beefsteak  ?  What  is  the 
shape  of  the  apple  ?  What  is  the  color  of  butter  ?  What 
kinds  of  meat  do  you  like? 


80 


BEADING 


TRAVELING   BY   SHIP 


ship 

captain 

rope 

laud 

thousand 

wharf 

deck 

ocean 

crew 

passengers 

sails 

cargo 

sick 

across 

great 

bottom 

walk 

tied 

orders 

painted 

hundred 

carries 

rough 

harbor 

baggage 

We  travel  across  the  ocean  in  a  great  ship.  The  ship 
carries  many  hundred  people  and  their  baggage.  The 
ship  is  tied  to  the  Avharf  by  ropes.  The  water  in  the 
harbor  is  quiet.  The  water  in  the  ocean  is  often  rough. 
The  ship  goes  thousands  of  miles  on  the  water. 

The  people  on  the  ship  are  the  passengers  and  the  crew. 
The  passengers  are  traveling.  The  crew  must  work  to 
make  the  ship  go.  The  captain  gives  the  orders  to  the 
crew. 

On  the  ship  we  do  not  see  land  for  many  days.  The 
passengers  walk  on  the  deck.  They  have  no  work  to  do. 
Some  of  the  passengers  are  sick.  Many  ships  are  painted 
black.  Some  ships  go  by  sails  and  others  go  by  steam. 
The  cargo  is  in  the  bottom  of  the  ship. 

In  what  do  we  travel  across  the  ocean?  Have  you 
traveled  across  the  ocean  ?  What  country  did  you  come 
from?  How  is  the  water  in  the  harbor?  Who  are  the 
people  on  the  ships?  Who  gives  the  orders  to  the  crew? 
Where  is  the  cargo?  What  makes  the  ships  move? 
What  color  are  many  ships?  Do  the  passengers  Avork? 
How  far  can  a  ship  go  on  the  water?  Which  goes  faster, 
a  sailing  ship  or  a  steam  ship?  How  is  a  ship  tied  to  the 
wharf  ?  Do  you  like  the  ships  ?  Do  you  like  better  to 
travel  by  land  or  by  water  ? 


READING 

31 

THE   FARM 

lives 

oxen 

their           help 

grain 

barn 

cattle 

cows            grass 

seed 

eggs 

corn 

beets           cabbage 

pasture 

dog 

farmer 

hens            chickens 

potatoes 

mow 

berries 

hatch           dries 

vegetables 

The  farmer  has  a  house  and  a  barn.  He  lives  in  the 
house.  He  keeps  his  cattle  and  their  food  in  the  barn. 
The  farmer's  cattle  are  his  oxen  and  his  cows.  The  horses 
help  him  on  his  farm.  The  cows  give  to  him  milk  and 
meat.  The  cows  have  horns.  The  cows  eat  the  grass  in 
the  pasture  all  day  long.  The  horses  eat  hay  and  grain 
in  the  barn.  The  farmer  feeds  his  hens  several  times  a 
day.  The  hens  give  him  eggs.  The  eggs  are  good  to  eat. 
Sometimes  the  hens  sit  on  the  eggs  and  hatch  chickens 
from  them.  The  chickens  will  grow  to  be  as  large  as  the 
hens. 

The  farmer  has  a  dog.  The  dog  watches  the  farmer's 
house.  The  farmer  raises  potatoes,  corn,  beets,  and 
cabbage.  He  sells  some  of  these  and  eats  the  rest.  He 
mows  the  grass  and  dries  it.  Then  he  puts  it  in  his  barn 
for  the  horses.     When  grass  is  well  dried,  it  is  called  hay. 

What  does  the  farmer  keep  in  his  barn?  What  do 
horses  eat?  What  does  the  farmer  get  from  his  hens? 
What  kind  of  noise  does  the  hen  make?  Of  what  use 
is  the  dog?  How  does  the  farmer  make  hay?  Where 
does  he  put  the  hay  ?  What  does  he  do  with  his  vegeta- 
bles? Where  do  the  cows  stay  in  the  daytime?  What 
do  the  cows  eat?  What  does  the  farmer  get  from  the 
cows?     How  large  are  the  chickens? 


32 

nEADTXG 

TIIE   POST    OFFICE 

clerk 

stamp 

before 

cent 

public 

envelope 

address 

government 

mail 

distance 

foreign 

cost 

sending 

newspaper 

wrapper 

postman 

ollice 

thirty 

brings 

outside 

take 

care 

include 

which 

package 

manage 

written 

anywhere 

after 

goes 

etc.  et  cetera,  "and  others,"  or  "and  so  forth." 

We  get  our  letters  by  mail.  The  post  office  takes  care 
of  the  mail,  which  includes  letters,  papers,  packages,  etc. 
Sometimes  the  postman  brings  them  to  us.  We  always 
like  to  get  a  letter  from  our  friends.  It  costs  us  two 
cents  to  send  a  letter  to  any  part  of  this  country.  We 
can  send  a  letter  to  any  foreign  country  for  five  cents. 
Tlie  letter  goes  in  an  envelope.  The  address  is  written 
on  the  outside  of  the  envelope. 

The  cost  of  sending  a  newspaper  anywhere  in  this  coun- 
try is  one  cent.  We  can  send  a  newspaper  to  any  foreign 
country  for  two  cents.  We  put  the  newspaper  in  a  wi-apper 
before  we  send  it.  The  government  owns  and  manages 
the  post  office.  The  post  office  is  public.  Ten  two-cent 
stamps  cost  twenty  cents.  Tln'ee  five-cent  stamps  cost 
fifteen  cents.    The  clerk  in  the  post  office  sells  the  stamps. 

How  do  we  get  our  letters?  Who  brings  them  to  us 
sometimes?  Do  you  have  to  go  after  your  letters? 
From  wliat  country  do  you  get  letters?  When  did  you 
write  your  last  letter  ?  How  many  two-cent  stamps  can 
you  buy  for  thirty  cents?  Who  sells  the  stamps?  Who 
owns  tlie  post  office  ?  How  much  does  it  cost  to  send  a 
letter  to  Italy  ?  In  what  do  you  send  a  newspaper?  Can 
the  mail  be  sent  a  very  great  distance? 


READING 

3;; 

REVIEW 

fireplace 

pincers 

knife 

great 

needle 

soldier 

plate 

painted 

beyond 

guns 

cup 

rough 

thread 

shot 

coffee 

barn 

setting 

horseback 

saucer 

potatoes 

some 

spokes 

milk 

farmer 

chair 

standing 

spoon 

pasture 

carpet 

enemy 

sugar 

cattle 

cobbler 

tooth 

drink 

corn 

tools 

ground 

ship 

dog 

bread 

powder 

wharf 

berries 

mending 

looking 

bottom 

cows 

earning 

train 

sails 

beets 

butter 

engine 

hundred 

hens 

sole 

car 

captain 

hatch 

money 

several 

deck 

grass 

starve 

conductor 

cargo 

cabbage 

driving 

station 

carries 

chickens 

buy 

ticket 

ocean 

dries 

between 

pulls 

passengers 

seed 

nails 

mile 

baggage 

mow 

food 

ride 

land 

eggs 

breakfast 

railroad 

crew 

vegetables 

blacksmith 

track 

across 

clerk 

because 

steam 

orders 

envelope 

anvil 

fast 

harbor 

foreign 

strong 

collects 

thousand 

postman 

weak 

table 

sick 

address 

package 

take 

care 

anywhere 

include 

after 

before 

manage 

READ. 

EVE.   SCH.  — 3 

84 

READING 

THE 

SKY 

day 

hours 

night 

dark 

stars 

sun 

moou 

rise 

set 

size 

bright 

clouds 

rain 

number 

twenty-four 

light 

earth 

contain 

called 

different 

There  are  twenty-four  hours  in  a  day.  Every  day  is 
divided  into  two  parts.  These  two  parts  are  called  day 
and  night.  Day  is  light.  Night  is  dark.  Men  work  in 
the  day  and  sleep  in  the  night.  There  are  many  objects 
to  be  seen  in  the  sky.  The  clouds  are  sometimes  light 
and  sometimes  dark.  The  clouds  contain  water.  This 
water  comes  down  upon  the  earth  as  rain. 

The  brightest  object  in  the  sky  is  the  sun.  The  sun  is 
very  large  and  very  hot.  The  sun  keeps  the  earth  warm. 
The  sun  is  a  globe  a  thousand  times  as  large  as  the  big 
round  earth.  The  sun  rises  in  the  morning  and  makes 
everything  light.  The  sun  sets  at  close  of  day.  Then 
everything  is  dark. 

The  stars  look  very  small.  Some  of  the  stars  are  many 
times  as  large  as  the  sun.  There  is  a  very  large  number 
of  stars  in  the  sky.     The  stars  are  very  far  away. 

Plow  many  hours  are  there  in  a  day  ?  How  many  hours 
of  the  day  is  it  light  ?  How  many  hours  of  the  day  is  it 
dark  ?  How  many  different  things  are  there  in  the  sky  ? 
Which  is  the  larger,  the  sun  or  the  moon  ?  What  makes 
the  earth  warm  ?  How  many  stars  are  there  ?  How 
many  moons  does  the  earth  have  ?  Is  the  moon  always 
round  ?  What  do  men  do  in  the  daytime  ?  When  do 
men  sleep  ?  What  color  are  the  clouds  ?  What  do  we 
get  from  the  clouds  ?     What  is  the  use  of  the  rain  ? 


HEADING 


35 


OCCUPATIONS 


butcher 

grocer 

farmer 

druggist 

baker 

provisions 

tea 

wheat 

medicine 

bread 

fruit  dealer 

bananas 

oranges 

berries 

quart 

pound 

pie 

kerosene 

flour 

juicy 

We  buy  our  provisions  of  the  butcher.  The  butcher 
sells  us  meat.  We  buy  our  meat  by  the  pound.  The 
grocer  sells  us  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  salt,  and  kerosene  oil. 
We  burn  kerosene  oil  in  a  lamp.  The  farmer  raises  vege- 
tables and  wheat.  Wheat  is  made  into  ilour.  The  baker 
makes  bread  out  of  flour.  Bread  costs  five  cents  a  loaf. 
The  baker  also  makes  pies.     Pies  are  round. 

The  druggist  sells  medicines  for  sick  people.  Pie  makes 
the  medicines  very  carefully  out  of  drugs. 

The  fruit  dealer  sells  fruit  of  all  kinds.  From  the  fruit 
dealer  we  buy  bananas,  oranges,  strawberries,  plums, 
apples,  and  grapes.  Bananas  are  long  and  yellow.  P'hey 
are  not  juicy.  Oranges  are  round  and  yellow.  Oranges 
are  juicy.  Strawberries  are  small  and  are  sold  by  the 
quart.     Oranges  are  sold  by  the  dozen. 

From  whom  do  we  buy  our  provisions  ?  From  whom 
do  we  buy  our  bread  ?  From  whom  do  we  buy  our  medi- 
cine ?  From  whom  do  we  buy  our  coffee  ?  Who  raises 
our  vegetables  ?  Who  raises  wheat  ?  What  is  made  out 
of  wheat  ?  What  is  made  out  of  flour  ?  Who  sells 
apples  ?  What  is  the  color  of  an  apple  ?  How  much 
do  apples  cost  ?  Do  you  like  oranges  ?  Are  all  oranges 
sweet  ?  Which  is  the  larger,  an  apple  or  a  strawberry  ? 
What  things  can  we  get  from  the  grocer  ?  What  things 
can  we  get  from  the  farmer  ? 


36 


HEADING 


THE  POLICE 


policeman 

brass 

blue 

club 

order 

arrest 

thieves 

law 

fight 

court 

prison 

judge 

line 

license 

guilty 

patrol 

obey 

charge 

listens 

disobey 

wagon 

city 

hall 

issues 

punishment 

The  policeman  sees  that  no  one  disobeys  the  law.  The 
policeman  walks  about  on  the  street.  He  watches  every- 
thing. He  has  a  blue  coat.  He  carries  a  heavy  club  in 
his  hand.  He  has  brass  buttons  on  his  coat.  When  the 
policeman  sees  a  tight,  he  stops  it  and  arrests  the  lighters. 
The  policeman  also  arrests  tliieves.  He  puts  them  in  the 
patrol  wagon  and  drives  them  to  the  station  house.  Then 
he  takes  them  to  court.  There  the  judge  listens  to  the 
charge  against  them.  If  they  are  guilty,  they  may  have 
to  pay  a  fine.     Sometimes  they  have  to  go  to  prison. 

Every  man  who  sells  fruit  must  buy  a  license  to  do  so. 
The  office  that  issues  licenses  is  at  the  city  hall.  If  the 
policeman  finds  a  man  selling  fruit  without  a  license,  he 
will  arrest  him.  If  we  obey  the  law,  we  need  not  fear 
tlie  policeman. 

Wliat  does  the  policeman  do  for  us?  Could  we  get 
along  without  the  policeman?  What  kind  of  a  coat  does 
the  policeman  wear.  What  has  he  on  his  coat?  What 
does  he  carry  in  his  hand?  What  does  the  policeman  do 
with  thieves?  What  happens  to  a  man  if  he  is  guilty? 
What  must  a  man  buy  who  wants  to  sell  fruit?  What 
will  happen  to  him  if  he  does  not  buy  it?  Who  listens 
to  the  charge  against  the  prisoners?  Who  says  what  the 
punishment  will  be? 


READING 


37 


THE   SEASONS 


calendar 

tell 

week 

Christmas 

plants 

spring 

summer 

fall 

winter 

twelve 

seasons 

months 

year 

Januar}- 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

There  are  four  seasons,  spring,  summer,  fall,  and  w  in- 
ter. There  are  twelve  months  in  the  year.  Each  season 
has  three  months.  The  spring  months  are  March,  April, 
and  May.  The  summer  months  are  June,  July,  and 
August.  The  fall  months  are  September,  October,  and 
November.  The  winter  months  are  December,  January, 
and  February.  The  first  month  of  the  year  is  January. 
The  last  month  of  the  year  is  December. 

The  winter  is  cold.  The  summer  is  hot.  We  have  ice 
and  snow  in  the  winter.  The  farmer  plants  the  seed  in 
the  spring.  We  get  the  fruit  in  the  fall.  In  the  winter 
we  have  to  burn  a  fire  to  keep  warm.  In  the  summer  we 
do  not  need  to  wear  a  coat.  Christmas  comes  on  the 
25th  of  December.  We  tell  the  days  of  the  month  and 
of  the  week  by  the  calendar. 

How  many  months  are  there  in  the  year?  How  many 
months  are  there  in  the  spring?  Which  do  you  like  the 
better,  summer  or  winter?  Do  you  wear  a  coat  in  the 
summer?  When  do  we  burn  a  fire  to  keep  warm?  In 
what  season  of  the  year  do  we  get  the  fruit?  When  does 
the  farmer  plant  his  seed  in  the  ground?  What  are  the 
summer  months  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  the 
summer  months  and  the  winter  months?  In  what  month 
does  Christmas  come?     What  day  of  the  month  is  it  ? 


38 


READING 


-^ 


PIONEERS 

family 

wagon 

forest 

daughter 

father 

children 

garden 

farm 

playing 

mother 

cattle 

pioneers 

view 

yard 

timber 

animals 

frontier 

scene 

clearing 

rope 

cabin 

labor 

shade 

stew 

whip 

maul 

building 

youngest 

cooking 

wilderness 

Here  is  a  view  of  pioneers  in  a  forest.  The  men  are 
building  a  cabin  of  logs.  The  mother  is  cooking  a  stew 
in  the  kettle.  The  daughter  is  playing  with  the  dog. 
The  youngest  son  is  driving  a  cow  with  a  rope  and  whip. 
All  came  here  in  the  great  wagon.  The  cattle  are  resting 
in  the  shade.     Do  you  see  the  animals  and  the  chickens  ? 

Tliere  have  been  many  scenes  like  this  upon  the  Amer- 
ican frontiers.  All  the  timber  will  soon  be  cut  away  to 
make  room  for  a  yard  and  a  clearing  for  garden  and 
farm.  Without  the  labor  of  men  with  ax  and  maul 
forests  cannot  be  made  into  farms.  The  fathers  and 
mothers  worked  hard  in  the  backwoods  that  the  children 
might  profit  by  their  labor.  This  is  a  cheerful  picture  of 
strong,  free  men  making  a  home  in  the  wilderness. 


RE  A  DING 


39 


SEEKING   FOR   GOLD 


pan 

gold 

glitters 

found 

mixed 

tent 

wealthy 

canvas 

rocks 

valuable 

washing 

soil 

miner 

stones 

seeking 

metal 

yellow 

rush 

pieces 

scoop 

These  men  are  seeking  for  gold.  Gold  is  a  bright 
yellow  metal  which  glitters.  It  is  found  mixed  with  rocks 
and  stones  of  the  soil.  As  the  rivers  rush  along,  they  tear 
down  their  rocky  sides  and  the  gold  is  left  behind  on  the 
sides  of  the  rivers.  The  men  scoop  up  the  soil  and  water 
in  a  pan.  Then  they  wash  out  the  soft  pieces  of  soil. 
This  leaves  the  gold  behind  in  the  pan.  Sometimes  such 
men  get  very  wealthy.     Gold  is  valuable. 

What  are  the  men  seeking  ?  What  kind  of  metal  is 
gold?  Why  do  they  want  the  gold?  Where  do  the  men 
live  ?  What  is  the  tent  made  of  ?  How  do  they  get  the 
gold  ?    What  do  we  make  out  of  gold  ? 


40 


READING 


THE   ARMY 


telegram 
rifles 
tired 
camp 


marching 
shoulder 
general 
contains 


log 
dusty 
war 
obey 


another 
country 
soldiers 
command 


This  is  an  army  marching  against  the  enemy.  There 
will  be  a  battle  when  they  meet.  The  general  is  sitting 
on  the  log  by  the  roadside.  He  is  writing  a  telegram  to 
another  generaL  The  telegram  contains  a  command.  We 
do  not  know  what  the  command  is.  The  road  is  dusty 
and  the  soldiers  are  tired.  When  night  comes,  they  will 
stop  marching  and  pitch  camp. 

Where  is  tl»e  general  sitting  ?  What  is  he  writing  ? 
Will  the  other  general  obey  the  command?  What  will 
the  soldiers  do  when  night  comes  ?  On  which  shoulder 
do  they  carry  their  rifles  ? 


READING 


41 


THE   FERRY 


returning 

calling 

ferryman 

come 

over 

finished 

row 

across 

boat 

wish 

take 

evening 

Europeans 

homes 

women 

These  two  women  are  calling  to  the  ferryman.  They 
wish  him  to  come  across  the  river  in  his  boat  and  to  take 
them  over  to  the  other  side.  It  is  evening,  and  the  women 
are  returning  to  their  homes.  They  are  not  Americans. 
They  are  Europeans.  The  ferryman  will  row  them  across. 
They  will  pay  him  something  for  traveling  in  his  boat. 

What  time  of  day  is  it  ?  What  kind  of  shoes  have  the 
women  on  their  feet?  What  are  they  carrying?  Does 
each  woman  have  a  basket  ?  Why  are  they  calling  the 
ferryman  ?  How  much  will  they  give  him  for  taking  them 
across  ?     How  can  you  tell  that  they  are  not  Americans  ? 


42 


1{  FADING 


THE   BALLOON 


balloon 

gas 

than 

lighter 

rise 

clouds 

above 

throw 

basket 

people 

dangerous 

sand 

want 

higher 

bag 

full 

let 

when 

mountains 

air 

The  balloon  is  high  up  in  the  air.  The  basket  has 
three  people  in  it.  They  are  above  the  mountains.  The 
balloon  is  full  of  gas.  This  gas  is  lighter  than  air.  This 
makes  the  balloon  rise  up  above  the  clouds.  There  are 
some  bags  of  sand  in  the  basket.  When  the  men  want  to 
go  higher,  they  throw  out  the  sand.  When  they  want  to 
come  down,  they  let  out  the  gas. 

Why  does  the  balloon  rise  up  above  the  clouds  ?  What 
do  the  men  do  when  tliey  want  to  go  up  higher  ?  What 
do  they  do  when  they  want  to  come  down  ?  How  high 
can  we  go  in  a  balloon  ?  Is  it  dangerous  to  go  up  in  a 
balloon  ? 


REVIEW 

.       iU 

government 

pound 

coast 

yellow 

sending 

grocer 

guilty 

telegram 

mail 

punishment 

tea 

rifles 

newspaper 

bananas 

spring 

camp 

brings 

pie 

seasons 

log 

public 

wheat 

summer 

shoulders 

distance 

oranges 

months 

general 

wrapper 

kerosene 

full 

marching 

outside 

winter 

druggist 

dusty 

sun 

medicine 

family 

war 

bright 

baker 

cabin 

command 

light 

quart 

cattle 

obey 

hours 

children 

juicy 

battle 

moon 

arrest 

garden 

returning 

cloud 

policeman 

building 

finished 

earth 

prison 

labor 

take 

night 

brass 

wagon 

calling 

contain 

thieves 

daughter 

row 

day 

judge 

playing 

evening 

set 

prisoner 

cooking 

ferry 

number 

blue 

father 

balloon 

called 

law 

mother 

sky 

stars 

fine 

pan 

dangerou 

seize 

charge 

tent 

gas 

dark 

club 

metal 

above 

different 

bright 

gold 

sand 

butcher 

license 

wealthy 

lighter 

provisions 

order 

soil 

higher 

than 

throw 

want 

when 

come 

boat 

homes 

pitch 

44 


READING 


THE   MILLER 


sells 

mill 

standing 

floor 

flour 

grind 

grain 

fine 

top 

stones 

miller 

happy 

inside 
round 
])0wder 

This  is  inside  a  flour  mill.  You  can  see  the  bags  of  flour 
standing  around  on  the  floor.  You  can  also  see  two  large, 
round  stones.  One  is  on  top  of  the  other.  They  grind 
the  grain  into  a  fine  powder.  This  powder  we  call  flour. 
You  all  know  what  we  can  make  out  of  flour.  The  stones 
are  very  heavy.  The  miller  looks  very  happy.  He  is 
thinking  how  much  money  he  will  make  when  he  sells 
the  flour. 

What  does  the  miller  make?  What  can  you  see  stand- 
ing on  the  floor  ?  How  many  bags  can  you  see  ?  What  is 
the  color  of  flour?  What  can  we  make  out  of  it?  Does 
the  miller  look  happy  or  sad?  What  is  he  thinking  of? 
What  will  the  miller  do  with  the  bags  of  flour? 


READING 


4& 


THE   CANAL 

canal  towpath       mule 

difference         coal  straight 

second  canal  behind 


walks  different 

from  steering 

longer        patient 


This  is  a  picture  of  a  canal.  The  mule  pulls  the 
canal  boat  with  a  long  rope.  The  mule  is  different  from 
a  horse.  The  mule  has  longer  ears  than  the  horse. 
The  mule  is  a  patient  animal.  He  walks  along  the  tow- 
path  all  day  long.  The  man  standing  on  the  canal  boat 
is  steering  it.  There  is  a  second  boat  coming  behind  the 
first.  The  canal  boats  carry  coal.  They  go  straight 
across  the  country  for  many  miles. 

What  can  you  see  in  the  picture  ?  What  is  the  boy  on 
the  mule's  back  doing  ?  Do  you  think  the  canal  boat 
is  going  fast  ?  How  far  behind  do  you  think  the  second 
canal  boat  is  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  mule 
and  a  horse  ?  Which  animal  is  the  better  of  the  two  ? 
Does  the  mule  travel  as  fast  as  the  horse  ? 


46 


EEADIXG 


c 


^1  \* 


/^^^^f^f^ 


cotton 
woven 
spring 
thread 


away 
deal 


COTTON 

sends         negro  Southern  climate 

seeds  planted  cloth 

quantity  greatest  crop 

every         spun  New  Orleans  England 

The  negroes  are  picking  cotton  in  the  field.  Cotton 
grows  in  the  Southern  States.  The  climate  is  very  warm 
there.  The  seeds  are  planted  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 
The  city  of  New  Orleans  sends  away  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  cotton  every  year.  The  cotton  is  sent  to  the  mills, 
wliere  it  is  spun  into  thread.  Then  the  thread  is  woven 
into  cloth.     We  send  a  great  deal  of  cotton  to  England. 

Who  are  picking  the  cotton?  Are  the  negroes  white 
or  black  ?  Wliat  city  sends  away  the  greatest  quantity 
of  cotton  ?  To  what  country  do  we  send  a  great  deal  of 
cotton  ?     What  two  things  are  made  out  of  cotton  ? 


BEADING 


47 


foundation 

covers 

entirely 


THE   DIVER 

diver         bridge  rubber  building 

suit  breathe         supplies  crowbar 

tube  through        pumping  beneath 


The  diver  can  work  beneath  the  water.  His  suit  is 
made  of  rubber.  His  suit  covers  him  up  entirely  and 
keeps  out  the  water.  The  diver  can  stay  beneath  the 
water  a  long  time.  He  must  have  air  to  breathe.  The 
men  in  the  boat  are  pumping  the  air  down  to  him  through 
a  long  tube.  The  diver  is  building  the  foundation  of  a 
bridge.     He  has  a  crowbar  in  his  hand. 

What  can  the  diver  do  ?  What  kind  of  a  suit  has  the 
diver  got  on  ?  Will  the  suit  let  the  water  in?  Who  sup- 
plies air  to  the  diver?  How  does  the  air  get  to  the  diver? 
What  is  the  diver  doing  with  the  crowbar?  What  can 
you  see  in  the  water  besides  the  diver? 


48 


READING 


A  STORM  AT   SEA 


life 

savers 

storm 

wrecked 

drown 

rough 

vessel 

sailors 

struck 

safely 

brave 

coast 

wind 

waves 

sink 

There  is  a  storm  at  sea.  The  wind  is  blowing  hard. 
The  waves  are  rough.  The  vessel  has  struck  upon  the 
rocks.  The  vessel  is  wrecked  and  will  sink.  The  men 
on  the  beach  are  life-savers.  These  life-savers  are  brave 
men.  The  life-savers  will  save  the  sailors  and  passengers. 
Some  of  tlie  men  may  drown.  The  life  of  sailors  on  the 
sea  is  full  of  danger. 

Is  the  sea  smooth?  What  makes  the  water  rough? 
What  are  the  life-savers  trying  to  do  ?  Do  you  think  the 
life-savers  can  swim?  Can  they  save  the  vessel?  What 
will  become  of  the  vessel?  How  many  men  are  there  on 
the  beach?  Do  sailors  meet  with  many  storms  on  the 
sea  ?     Are  ships  often  wrecked  in  these  storms? 


BEADING 


49 


THE   BRICKLAYER 


brick 

stick 

together 

tight 

trowel 

baked 

bricklayer 

earns 

wages 

lime 

close 

mortar 

wall 

clay 

laying 

The  man  is  laying  bricks.  He  is  a  bricklayer.  He  has 
a  brick  in  his  left  hand  and  a  trowel  in  his  right  hand. 
He  is  putting  some  mortar  on  the  wall  with  the  trowel. 
Then  he  will  put  the  brick  down  close  into  the  mortar. 
The  mortar  is  wet  and  soft.  When  the  mortar  gets  dry, 
it  will  be  hard.  The  mortar  will  make  the  bricks  stick 
together  tight.  Mortar  is  made  of  lime  and  sand.  The 
bricklayer  earns  good  wages.  He  earns  four  or  five,  oi 
even  six,  dollars  a  day. 

What  is  the  man  doing?  What  has  the  bricklayer  got 
in  his  left  hand?  What  has  he  got  in  his  right  hand? 
What  is  he  doing  with  the  trowel?  What  makes  the 
bricks  stick  together?     What  does  the  bricklayer  earn? 

READ.   EVE.  SCH. 4 


50 


READING 


daily 

churn 

skin 


MAKING   BUTTER 

cream  floating  milk  butter 

turning  shake  substance         changes 

object  shaking  forms  pound 

Milk  is  a  part  of  our  daily  food.  When  we  let  milk 
stand  for  a  time,  a  thick  substance  forms  on  top.  This 
substance  is  called  cream.  We  skim  off  the  cream  and 
put  it  into  a  churn.  Then  we  shake  the  churn.  The  girl 
is  shaking  the  churn.  The  purpose  of  shaking  the  cream 
is  to  change  the  cream  into  butter.  We  sell  butter  by 
the  pound. 

Do  you  like  to  drink  milk?  How  do  we  get  cream '^ 
Is  the  cream  floating  on  top  of  the  milk  ?  What  is  the 
girl  changing  the  cream  into?  Wliere  is  the  cream? 
What  is  the  color  of  cream  ?  What  is  the  color  of  butter  ? 
How  much  do  you  pay  for  butter  ? 


BEADING 


51 


THE   TINSMITH 


tin 

tinsmith 

useful 

easily 

rust 

tinware 

mixture 

solder 

lead 

melts 
cups 


join 

articles 

shining  cooking 

The  tinsmith  is  working  at  his  bench.  He  is  making 
tinware.  Tin  is  a  shining  metal.  Tin  will  not  rust.  The 
tinsmith  joins  the  pieces  of  tin  together  with  solder. 
Solder  is  a  mixture  of  tin  and  lead.  It  melts  very  easily 
and  quickly.  The  tinsmith  can  make  many  useful  articles 
out  of  tin.     These  articles  are  used  for  cooking. 

Where  is  the  tin  ?  What  is  the  tinsmith  making  ? 
What  kind  of  a  metal  is  tin?  Will  tin  rust?  What 
metal  will  rust  ?  How  does  the  tin  join  together  pieces 
of  tin  ?  What  is  solder  ?  Why  does  the  tinsmith  use 
solder  to  join  the  pieces  of  tin  together  ?  How  do  we  use 
tinware  ? 


62 


READING 


SUGAR 


squeeze 

crushed 

sweet 

rollers 

short 

solid 

scene         sugar  cane         changes 
tall  cutting  Cuba 

boil  juice  putting 

The  sugar  cane  grows  very  tall.  This  scene  is  in  Cuba. 
Some  of  the  men  are  cutting  the  cane.  Others  are  putting 
it  into  the  carts.  The  carts  will  carry  the  sugar  cane 
away.  The  sugar  cane  contains  a  sweet  juice.  The  men 
will  crusli  the  sugar  cane  with  rollers  and  squeeze  out  the 
juice.  Then  they  will  boil  the  juice  until  only  the  solid 
sugar  remains  behind.     The  juice  changes  into  sugar. 

Where  does  the  sugar  cane  grow  ?  Where  is  Cuba  ? 
How  many  men  are  there  in  the  field  ?  Are  all  the  men 
cutting  the  sugar  cane?  What  are  the  other  men  doing? 
Wliat  will  they  do  with  the  sugar  cane  ?  Is  the  juice  sour 
or  sweet  ?  How  will  they  get  the  sugar  out  of  the  juice  ? 
How  do  you  use  sugar  ? 


BEADING 


53 


THE   AMERICAN   FLAG 


red 

stripes 

government 

only 

blue 

building 

school 

waving 

thirteen 

stars 

names 

nation 

white 

now 

seven 

This  is  a  picture  of  the 
American  flag.  It  is  waving 
m  the  wind.  The  colors  are 
red,  white,  and  blue.  The 
flag  has  thirteen  stripes.  At 
first  there  were  only  thirteen 
States  in  the  nation.  There 
is  one  stripe  for  each  of  those 
thirteen  States.  Upon  page 
19  are  their  names.  There 
are  seven  red  and  six  white 
stripes  in  the  national  flag. 
There  is  a  star  for  each  State 
in  the  nation.  There  are  now 
forty-five  States  in  the  United  States.  The  American 
flag  waves  over  every  school  and  over  every  government 
building  in  the  country.  To  love  our  country  is  our  duty. 
Let  us  honor  the  American  flag. 

Why  are  there  thirteen  stripes  in  the  American  flag? 
How  many  red  stripes  are  there?  What  waves  over 
every  school  and  government  building  in  the  country? 
What  nation  owns  the  American  flag?  What  are  the 
colors  in  the  flag  of  Germany  ?  How  does  the  French  flag 
differ  from  the  German  flag?     Describe  the  flag  of  Italy. 


54 


READING 


THE   LIGHTHOUSE 


lighthouse 

warn 

danger 

vessels 

keeper 

burning 

rocks 

shallow 

perilous 

striking 

always 

bell 

dark 

ringing 

along 

The  lighthouse  is  a  tall  building.  It  has  a  light  at  the 
top.  This  light  warns  the  vessels  when  they  come  too 
near  tlie  rocks.  There  is  a  lighthouse  at  every  dangerous 
place  on  the  coast.  The  keeper  always  keeps  the  light 
l)urning  at  night.  Sometimes  the  lighthouse  has  a  bell. 
When  the  sailors  hear  the  bell  ringing,  they  know  that 
they  are  in  danger.  Shallow  water  is  perilous  to  the 
vessels. 

What  prevents  the  vessels  from  striking  on  the  rocks  ? 
What  do  the  sailors  do  when  they  see  the  light?  What 
kind  of  a  building  is  a  lighthouse?  At  what  places  are 
the  lighthouses  put?     What  is  dangerous  to  the  vessels? 


READING 


55 


LOGGING 


snow        stream  drawing        bank  farmers 

chop         firewood        boards  ground       woodchoppers 

roll  circular         branches       planks        logging 

In  the  winter  the  snow  is  on  the  ground.  Then  the 
farmers  cannot  work  in  the  fields.  They  go  into  the 
forest  and  chop  down  the  trees.  The  horses  are  drawing 
the  logs  to  the  bank  of  the  stream.  The  logs  will  float 
down  the  stream  until  they  come  to  the  mill.  There  a 
large  circular  saw  will  cut  the  logs  into  boards  or  planks. 
The  farmers  will  carry  the  branches  home  for  firewood. 

At  what  time  of  the  year  do  the  farmers  cut  down  the 
trees?  Why  do  they  cut  down  the  trees  in  the  winter? 
How  do  the  woodchoppers  get  the  logs  to  the  bank  of 
the  stream?  What  cuts  the  logs  up  into  boards?  How 
do  the  farmers  use  the  branches  of  the  trees?  Is  the 
mill  up  the  stream,  or  down? 


56 


HE  A  niNG 


THE   BUFFALO 


skins 
herd 
flesh 
prairie 

One   of   the 
spearing   the 


Indians  spear  spearing 

number  buffalo  formerly 

chasing  valuable  smaller 

few  remaining  constantly 

The  Indians  are  chasing  the  buffalo. 
Indians  has  a  spear  in  his  hand.  He  is 
buffalo.  Formerly,  there  were  a  great  many  buffaloes  on 
the  prairie.  The  number  of  buffaloes  has  grown  smaller 
because  so  many  have  been  killed.  There  are  only  a  few 
remaining.  They  go  about  in  herds.  The  Indians  will 
use  the  skins  for  clothing.  They  will  eat  the  flesh.  The 
buffalo  is  not  as  valuable  to  man  as  is  the  cow. 

What  are  the  Indians  chasing?  Will  the  Indian  kill 
the  buffalo?  What  will  the  Indians  do  with  the  skin? 
Are  there  many  buffaloes  remaining  ?  Why  are  there 
only  a  few  buffaloes  remaining?  How  does  the  Indian 
kill  the  buffalo?     Are  the  skins  warm? 


BEADING 


57 


THE   VOLCANO 


volcano 

red-hot 

ashes 

smoke 

hundreds 

lava 

cinders 

escape 

happened 

terrible 

lost 

dust 

heaps 

Vesuvius 

suddenly 

Asia 

Here  is  a  volcano.  The  volcano  throws  out  red-hot 
stones,  lava,  smoke,  and  ashes.  Lava  is  melted  stones. 
Lava  is  very  hot.  Volcanoes  are  very  dangerous.  Some- 
times hundreds  of  lives  are  lost,  and  cities  are  covered  up. 
Sometimes  the  cinders  and  ashes  cover  the  earth  fifty  feet 
deep.  Vesuvius  is  a  terrible  volcano.  Vesuvius  acts 
so  suddenly  that  people  cannot  escape. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  volcano?  What  things  does  a 
volcano  throw  out  ?  What  is  lava  ?  Are  volcanoes  dan- 
gerous? Are  you  afraid  of  volcanoes?  Do  we  have 
volcanoes  in  North  America?  Where  do  we  find  vol- 
canoes ?  How  deep  do  the  cinders  and  ashes  cover  the 
earth  sometimes? 


58 

HEADING 
REVIEW 

inside 

entirely 

clay 

school 

round 

suit 

trowel 

stripes 

sells 

breathe 

lime 

blue 

mill 

through 

laying 

waving 

orrind 

tube 

daily 

breeze 

stones 

rubber 

churn 

lighthouse 

grain 

supplies 

skim 

rocks 

miller 

crowbar 

cream 

burning 

top 

beneath 

churning 

always 

fine 

life 

shake 

warm 

happy 

brave 

tin 

shallow 

canal 

coast 

easily 

danger 

second 

vessel 

mixture 

chop 

coal 

sailors 

solder 

drawing 

donkey 

wind 

useful 

snow 

patient 

storm 

lead 

branches 

cotton 

waves 

join 

number 

woven 

wrecked 

melts 

chasing 

negro 

sea 

tall 

few 

quantity 

drown 

oxen 

buffalo 

spun 

safely 

boil 

eating 

planted 

sink 

juice 

herds 

thread 

stick    , 

Cuba 

flesh 

crop 

mortar 

squeeze 

volcano 

diver 

together 

sweet 

heaps 

covers 

earns 

crushed 

lost 

book 

tight 

rollers 

ashes 

page 

wages 

solid 

suddenly 

formerly 

escape 

valuable 

perilous 

scene 

changes 

names 

only 

READING 


59 


THE   SALT    MINE 


blocks 

busy- 

darkness 

descend 

passages 

stairs 

salt 

mine 

candles 

surface 

earth 

torches 

below 

need 

article 

These  men  are  getting  salt  from  the  mine.  They  have 
cut  their  Avay  down  below  the  surface  of  the  earth.  They 
are  cutting  the  salt  into  blocks  with  their  picks.  The 
stairs  down  into  the  mine  are  cut  in  the  rock.  It  is  hard 
to  see  in  the  darkness.  The  mine  is  lighted  by  torches. 
Some  miners  have  candles  in  their  hats.  It  would  be  easy 
to  get  lost  in  the  passages  of  the  mine.  We  need  salt  for 
our  food.     We  cannot  live  without  it. 

How  do  the  miners  descend  into  the  mine  ?  Are  the 
miners  busy  ?  Would  you  like  to  be  a  miner  ?  How  do 
the  miners  cut  the  salt  ?  How  is  the  mine  lighted  ?  Can 
you  see  easily  in  a  mine  ?  Is  salt  a  useful  article  ?  How 
do  you  use  salt  ?     Can  you  live  without  salt  ? 


60 


READING 


THE    WATER   MILL 


power 

wheel 

force 

rushing 

weight 

steam 

lower 

hillsides 

stedp 

wooden 

machinery 

grinding 

convenient 

invented 

hundreds 

sawing 

This  is  a  water  mill.  The  water  wheel  gets  its  power 
from  the  stream.  The  stream  comes  rushing  down  the 
hillsides  with  great  force.  The  water  strikes  the  big 
wooden  wheel.  The  wheel  makes  the  machinery  move. 
The  weight  of  the  water  makes  the  wheel  go  round. 
Some  mills  are  run  by  steam.  The  water  mill  was  in- 
vented hundreds  of  years  ago.  It  is  very  convenient.  It 
is  used  in  mills  for  grinding  grain  and  for  sawing  logs. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  water  mill?  Where  does  the 
water  mill  get  its  power  ?  What  makes  the  big  wooden 
wheel  go  round  ?  What  makes  the  machinery  move  ?  Is 
the  power  of  water  better  than  the  power  of  steam  ?  How 
long  ago  was  the  water  mill  invented  ?  How  is  the  water 
mill  used  ? 


READING 


61 


THE 

DOG 

faithful 

domestic 

friend 

asleep 

guard 

return 

everywhere 

watching 

world 

unlike 

fur 

master 

fearless 

obedient 

child 

protect 

The  dog  is  a  faithful  animal.  The  dog  is  a  domestic 
animal.  The  dog  is  always  a  good  friend  to  his  master. 
All  that  he  wants,  in  return  for  his  friendship,  is  some  food 
with  a  little  kindness.  This  fearless  dog  has  found  a  little 
child  asleep.  He  will  guard  and  protect  the  child.  He 
is  watching  the  child  until  his  master  comes.  The  dog  is 
always  obedient. 

What  kind  of  an  animal  is  the  dog  ?  Have  you  a  dog  ? 
Are  all  dogs  alike  ?  Is  the  dog  the  friend  of  his  master  ? 
What  does  the  dog  want  in  return  for  his  friendship  ? 
Will  the  dog  protect  the  child  ?  Does  the  dog  obey  his 
master  ?     Is  the  dog  afraid  ?     Is  the  child  awake  ? 


6li 


BEADING 


COAL 


fuel 

black 

shiny 

because 

breaks 

ton 

easily 

coke 

furnaces 

engines 

cars 

sold 

hoisted 

passages 

freight 

dug 

mineral 

hole 

burned 

shaft 

Coal  is  dug  out  of  the  ground.  It  is  found  in  coal 
mines.  The  miners  dig  down  hundreds  of  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  They  cut  great  passages  through 
the  coal.  Coal-mining  is  a  dangerous  occupation,  because 
of  the  coal  gas. 

The  coal  is  hoisted  up  the  shaft  by  engines.  The 
engines  are  run  by  steam.  When  the  miners  have  got 
the  coal  up  on  the  surface,  they  put  it  on  freight  cars. 
The  freight  cars  carry  the  coal  all  over  the  country. 

Coal  is  a  very  good  fuel  because  it  gives  out  a  great  deal 
of  heat.  When  coal  is  burned,  a  gas  is  formed.  This 
gas  gives  us  our  gaslight.  Coal  is  a  black,  shiny  mineral. 
It  is  easily  broken  up  into  small  pieces.  Coal  is  sold  by 
the  ton.  A  "  long  ton "  of  coal  is  twenty -two  hundred 
pounds.  A  "  short  ton  "  is  two  thousand  pounds.  We 
get  a  great  deal  of  coal  from  Pennsylvania.  We  put  coal 
in  our  stoves  and  furnaces. 

Wliere  do  we  get  our  coal?  Do  you  burn  coal  at  your 
house?  Do  you  burn  it  in  a  stove  or  in  a  furnace?  What 
kind  of  a  mineral  is  coal  ?  How  far  down  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  do  the  miners  dig  for  coal  ?  How  do 
they  get  the  coal  up  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  ?  Why  is 
coal  a  very  good  fuel  ?  How  is  coal  sold  ?  How  is  the 
coal  carried  all  over  the  country  ?  Where  do  you  buy 
your  coal  ?     Is  all  coal  alike  ? 


BEADING 

FEATHERS 

K>6 

feathers 

quill 

hollow 

help 

flying 

ladies 

bonnets 

beautiful 

ornament 

costly 

ostrich 

Africa 

pluck 

simply 

cruel 

stuffing 

pillows 

cushions 

wicked 

adorn 

All  birds  have  feathers.  Feathers  help  the  birds  in 
flying.  Feathers  also  keep  the  birds  warm.  Ladies 
like  to  wear  feathers  upon  their  bonnets.  There  are 
many  different  kinds  of  feathers.  Some  feathers  are 
very  beautiful  and  costly.  Others  are  not  worth  any- 
thing, because  they  are  not  beautiful. 

It  is  wicked  to  kill  beautiful  birds  simply  to  wear 
them  for  ornament.  Many  song  birds  have  beautiful 
feathers. 

The  ostrich  feather  is  very  long  and  beautiful.  Ostriches 
grow  in  Africa.  The  men  pluck  these  feathers  from  the 
birds  while  they  are  alive.  This  is  cruel.  Formerly,  men 
used  the  quills  of  feathers  for  pens.  We  use  steel  pens 
now.  Feathers  are  useful  for  stuffing  beds,  pillows,  and 
cushions.  Feathers  are  very  light  and  hollow.  If  the 
feathers  were  not  light,  the  birds  could  not  fly  with  them. 
The  feathers  keep  the  birds  warm. 

Why  do  birds  have  feathers  ?  How  can  feathers  help 
the  birds  in  flying?  Are  all  feathers  useful?  How  do 
ladies  use  feathers  ?  Why  do  the  ladies  adorn  their  bon- 
nets with  feathers  ?  Where  does  the  ostrich  grow  ?  Are 
ostrich  feathers  costly  ?  Is  it  cruel  to  pluck  the  ostrich 
feathers  ?  What  three  things  do  we  stuff  with  feathers  ? 
Why  do  we  stuff  pillows  with  feathers  ?  Is  it  because  the 
feathers  are  soft  ?     Why  are  the  feathers  hollow  ? 


G4 

READING 
WATER 

liquid 

dissolves 

tilings 

plenty 

necessary 

sluipe 

colorless 

odor 

level 

tasteless 

clear 

drinking 

smell 

human 

cleaning 

solid 

sickness 

clothing 

without 

vegetables 

covers 

boiling 

fresh 

rivers 

disappears 

Water  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  earth.  The  water 
in  the  seas  and  oceans  is  salt.  The  water  in  the  rivers 
and  ponds  is  fresh.  Water  is  a  liquid.  Water  has  a 
level  surface.  Water  has  no  shape  of  its  own.  Water  is 
colorless  and  has  no  odor.  Water  dissolves  salt  and 
sugar.  Water  will  not  dissolve  coal.  Water  is  used  for 
drinking  and  for  cleaning  our  clothing  and  houses. 

We  keep  away  sickness  by  being  clean.  Vegetables  and 
plants  cannot  live  without  water.  If  we  did  not  have 
rain,  we  could  not  have  potatoes.  Boiling  water  changes 
to  steam  and  disappears.  You  can  see  the  steam  coming 
out  of  a  kettle  of  boiling  water.  Water  is  very  useful. 
It  is  more  necessary  to  human  life  even  than  food.  We 
need  to  drink  plenty  of  water  every  day. 

Is  water  a  solid?  Do  you  drink  fresh  water  or  salt 
water  ?  How  much  of  the  earth  does  the  water  cover  ? 
Will  water  dissolve  coal  ?  Will  water  dissolve  sugar  ? 
What  else  will  water  dissolve  ?  Wliat  kind  of  surface  do 
all  liquids  have  ?  Why  do  all  liquids  have  a  level  sur- 
face ?  Wliy  is  water  so  useful  ?  How  do  you  use  water? 
Do  vegetables,  need  water?  What  does  boiling  water 
change  to  ?  Have  you  ever  seen  a  steam  engine  ?  Have 
you  seen  steam  coming  out  of  a  kettle  of  boiling  water  ? 
Have  you  ever  tasted  salt  water  ? 


BEADING 

65 

FISHES 

pointed 

catch 

teeth 

backward 

swallow 

whole 

gills 

fierce 

greedy 

rapid 

movement 

trout 

fins 

towards 

throat 

another 

waiting 

chew 

often 

seize 

hooks 

baited 

lungs 

devour 

brooks 

Fishes  live  in  the  water.  They  have  gills,  not  lungs, 
for  breathing.  They  have  sharp,  pointed  teeth.  These 
teeth  are  turned  backward  towards  the  throat.  The  fishes 
do  not  chew  their  food  with  their  teeth.  They  only  seize 
their  food  with  their  teeth.  Then  they  swallow  their  food 
whole.  Fishes  have  a  rapid  movement  and  go  through 
the  water  very  fast.  They  move  through  the  water  with 
their  fins  and  tails.  They  are  sometimes  fierce  and 
greedy.     The  larger  fishes  eat  the  smaller  fishes. 

We  eat  a  great  deal  of  fish.     The  fishermen  catch  them 

on  baited  hooks.     Sometimes  the  fishermen  catch  a  great 

many  fishes  at  one  time  in  their  large  nets.     It  is  good 

fun  to  catch  fish  with  hook  and  line.     Often  there  are 

.trout  in  the  mountain  brooks. 

Do  you  like  to  eat  fish  ?  What  kind  of  fish  do  you  like 
to  eat  best  ?  What  is  the  largest  fish  you  know  of  ?  Have 
you  ever  been  fishing  ?  What  kind  of  teeth  do  the  fishes 
have  ?  Do  the  fishes  chew  their  food  before  they  swallow 
it  ?  What  kind  of  food  do  the  fishes  eat  ?  Do  the  fishes 
move  through  the  water  slowly  or  rapidly?  How  do  the 
fishermen  catch  the  fishes  ?  What  is  bait  ?  How  many 
fishes  can  a  fisherman  catch  in  his  net  at  one  time  ?  Do 
you  like  to  fish  ?  Do  you  know  how  fishes  breathe  in  the 
water  ?     Why  can  they  not  live  out  ot  water  f 

READ.   EVE.   SCH. 6 


66 


READING 


common 
copper 
beaten 
twist 


notice 
saucepans 
useful 
frequently 


COPPER 

wire 
polish 
pure 
thin 


bend 
strips 
boilers 
seldom 


electricity 
conductor 
removed 
application 


You  will  notice  that  copper  is  a  briglit  red  metal.  Cop- 
per is  seldom  found  pure.  Copper  is  frequently  found  in 
the  earth  mixed  with  other  substances.  These  substances 
must  be  removed  before  the  copper  becomes  pure  and 
useful.  Then  it  is  beaten  into  broad,  thin  strips.  Tiiese 
strips  are  made  into  saucepans,  kettles,  boilers,  and  many 
other  useful  articles. 

Sometimes  the  copper  is  drawn  out  into  long  wire. 
You  can  bend  and  twist  this  wire  any  way  that  you 
please.  The  wire  will  not  break.  This  wire  is  used  a 
great  deal  in  all  the  applications  of  electricity.  Copper 
wire  is  a  fine  conductor  of  electricity.  Copper  is  a  very 
common  metal.  When  you  polish  copper  it  becomes 
very  bright. 

What  is  a  cent  made  of  ?  What  is  the  color  of  a  cent  ? 
Does  a  new  cent  look  like  an  old  cent  ?  What  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  two  ?  Which  is  the  brighter  ?  Is 
copper  frequently  found  pure  ?  What  must  be  done  to 
the  copper  before  it  becomes  pure  and  useful  ?  What  is 
copper  beaten  into  ?  What  articles  can  be  made  out  of 
copper  strips  ?  Have  you  ever  seen  a  copper  kettle  ? 
How  is  copper  made  into  wire  ?  Why  is  copper  wire  so 
useful?  Can  you  bend  and  twist  copper  wire  easily? 
How  is  copper  wire  used  a  great  deal  ?  Is  copper  a  rare 
metal  or  a  common  metal  ? 


BEADING 


67 


CAST   IRON 


best  worth  cools         furnace  poker 

heavier        bottom  stones        channels        wheelbarrow 

molds  plugged        flows  bedstead        railings 

Iron  is  found  in  the  earth,  mixed  with  other  substances 
just  as  copper  is.  The  iron  must  be  removed  from  the 
other  substances.  It  is  wheeled  to  the  top  of  a  great  fur- 
nace in  wheelbarrows.  In  the  furnace  it  is  melted.  The 
iron  is  heavier  than  the  other  substances,  and  falls  to  the 
bottom  of  the  furnace.  Then  the  plug  at  the  bottom  of 
the  furnace  is  taken  out.  The  iron  flows  out  into  chan- 
nels made  in  the  sand  on  the  floor.     There  it  cools. 

Which  is  the  better  metal,  iron  or  gold  ?  Where  is  iron 
found  ?  How  do  you  remove  the  other  substances  from 
the  iron  ?  Which  is  worth  more,  a  pound  of  gold  or  a 
pound  of  iron  ?  What  things  can  you  make  out  of  cast 
iron  ? 


68 


READING 


WROUGHT   IRON 


steel 

tough 

forge 

wrought 

hammered 

beams 

arches 

weld 

chains 

strength 

tugging 

bear 

must 

brittle 

machines 

Wrought  iron  is  very  different  from  cast  iron.  Wrought 
iron  is  tough.  Cast  iron  is  very  brittle.  Cast  iron  will 
break  easily.  Wrought  iron  is  very  tough.  Wrought 
iron  will  not  break  easily.  You  can  make  wrought  iron 
into  any  shape  you  please.  Wrought  iron  has  very  great 
strength.  We  make  chains  out  of  wrought  iron  because 
it  will  bear  a  great  deal  of  tugging.  We  can  weld  two 
pieces  of  wrought  iron  together  when  we  heat  them  red- 
hot  and  then  hammer  them. 

Wrought  iron  is  pounded,  rolled,  or  hammered  iron. 
Wrought  iron  must  be  heated  red-hot  before  it  can  be 
bent.  Wrought  iron  is  useful  for  making  beams  and 
arches  for  bridges  and  large  buildings.  We  make  all 
kinds  of  machines  out  of  wrought  iron. 

Steel  is  even  stronger  than  wrought  iron.  The  frames 
of  many  great  buildings  are  made  of  steel. 

Is  wrought  iron  the  same  as  cast  iron  ?  How  is  wrought 
iron  different  from  cast  iron?  Which  kind  of  iron  is 
tougli  ?  Have  you  ever  been  in  a  blacksmith's  shop  ? 
What  does  the  blacksmith  make  wrought  iron  into  ? 
Does  the  blacksmith  heat  the  wrought  iron  red-hot  ? 
After  the  wrought  iron  is  heated  red-hot,  how  does  the 
blacksmith  change  its  shape  ?  Can  the  blacksmith  change 
the  shape  of  cast  iron  ?  What  is  wrought  iron  useful  for  ? 
Why  are  Vjeams  and  arches  made  of  wrought  iron  ?  What 
is  wrought  iron  ?     Will  wrought  iron  break  easily  ? 


READING 


69 


LEAD 


lead 

heavier 

sheets 

flat 

rolled 

lining 

poured 

tanks 

aluminum 

silver 
arts 

cisterns 
hardens 
bullets 

plumber 

roofs 

shot 

pipe 

gutters 

think 

Lead  is  a  soft  metal.  Lead  is  very  easily  melted.  It 
is  very  easily  cut  with  a  knife.  Sometimes,  it  is  rolled  out 
into  thin  sheets.  It  can  be  made  into  thin  sheets  by 
melting  it  and  then  pouring  it  over  a  flat  table  covered 
with  fine  sand.  The  plumber  likes  to  use  lead  because  he 
can  cut  and  bend  it  so  easily.  Our  water  pipes  are  often 
made  of  lead. 

Lead  also  makes  a  good  lining  for  cisterns  and  tanks. 
We  make  bullets  and  fine  shot  out  of  lead.  The  bullets 
are  used  in  war  and  in  shooting  large  animals.  We 
shoot  birds  with  fine  shot. 

Lead  is  heavier  than  silver  or  aluminum,  but  lighter 
than  gold.  Clean  lead  shines  like  silver.  Copper,  iron, 
tin,  and  lead  are  called  the  useful  metals.  Gold  and  silver 
are  used  in  some  of  the  arts  and  trades. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  plumber  at  work  ?  Did  you  ever 
melt  any  lead  ?  Can  you  melt  lead  very  quickly  ?  Did 
you  ever  try  to  cut  lead  with  your  knife  ?  How  is  lead 
made  into  thin  sheets  ?  Is  the  roof  of  your  house  covered 
with  lead  or  with  shingles  ?  Of  what  are  water  pipes 
made  ?  Why  does  the  plumber  like  to  use  lead  ?  What 
is  the  diiference  between  bullets  and  fine  shot?  For 
what  do  we  use  bullets  ?     For  what  do  we  use  fine  shot  ? 

What  are  the  useful  metals  ?  What  are  the  precious 
metals  ?     Do  you  know  the  price  of  lead  by  the  pound  ? 


70 


READING 


ICE 


ponds 

frozen 

pure 

skating 

store 

float 

indoors 

hailstones 

snow- 

cooling 

natural 

artificial 

also 

ice  chest 

what 

sawdust 

packed 

preserve 

important 

manufacture 

In  the  winter  time  the  ponds  are  all  frozen  over.  They 
are  covered  with  ice.  Ice  is  frozen  water.  Snow  and 
hailstones  also  are  frozen  water.  We  can  g-o  skatinar  on 
the  ponds  in  the  winter  time.  Ice  is  lighter  than  water. 
Ice  floats  on  the  surface  of  the  ponds.  In  the  winter 
time  men  cut  the  ice  and  store  it  in  large  ice  houses.  The 
ice  is  packed  in  sawdust  to  keep  it  from  melting. 

In  the  summer  time  the  men  sell  the  ice.  We  put  ice 
in  our  ice  chests  to  preserve  our  provisions.  We  also 
use  ice  for  cooling  drinks.  The  ice  we  get  from  the 
ponds  is  natural  ice.  A  great  deal  of  the  ice  that  is  now 
used  is  made  indoors.  The  ice  we  get  from  manufacture 
is  artificial  ice.  Artificial  ice  is  made  from  pure  water. 
Sometimes,  natural  ice  is  not  pure.  Ice  is  a  very  impor- 
tant article.     We  must  have  it  in  summer. 

Have  you  ever  been  skating  ?  Can  you  go  skating  in 
the  summer  time?  What  is  ice?  Is  ice  a  solid  or  a 
liquid?  Is  ice  heavier  than  water?  Where  do  the  men 
store  ice  ?  Why  do  they  pack  the  ice  in  sawdust  ?  When 
do  they  sell  the  ice  ?  Have  you  an  ice  chest  at  home  ? 
What  is  natural  ice?  Have  you  ever  seen  snow  in  the 
summer  time  ?  Do  the  ponds  freeze  over  in  the  summer 
time?  Why  don't  the  ponds  freeze  over  in  the  summer 
time? 


READING 

71 

MERCURY 

mercury 

spoken 

bottle 

careful 

spill 

drops 

temperature 

heaviest 

nearly 

fourteen 

thermometer 

degrees 

looking-glass 

remarkable 

warmth 

expands 

scale 

fluid 

printed 

amount 

Mercury  is  a  very  remarkable  metal.  It  is  the  heaviest 
metal  of  which  we  have  yet  spoken.  We  can  keep  mercury 
in  a  bottle.  If  we  should  sj^ill  the  mercury,  it  would  sepa- 
rate into  little  round  drops.  Mercury  is  nearly  fourteen 
times  as  heavy  as  water.  Mercury  is  put  on  the  backs  of 
looking-glasses. 

We  put  mercury  in  thermometers.  A  thermometer  is 
a  scale  with  a  tube  of  mercury  on  it.  Heat  expands  the 
mercury.  When  the  air  becomes  warmer,  the  mercury 
rises  in  the  tube.  When  the  air  becomes  colder,  the  mer- 
cury goes  down  in  the  tube.  Some  figures  are  printed  on 
the  scale  behind  the  tube.  These  figures  tell  how  many 
degrees  the  temperature  is.  Water  boils  at  two  hundred 
and  twelve  degrees. 

Water  is  a  fluid.  Mercury  also  is  a  fluid.  Every  other 
heavy  metal  is  a  solid. 

Why  is  mercury  a  remarkable  metal  ?  Is  mercury  a 
solid  metal  ?  What  will  the  mercury  do  if  you  spill  it  ? 
How  many  times  heavier  than  water  is  mercury  ?  Have 
you  a  thermometer  at  home  ?  Can  you  tell  the  amount  of 
warmth  in  the  room  by  the  thermometer  ?  When  does 
the  mercury  rise  in  the  tube  ?  When  does  the  mercury 
go  down  in  the  tube  ?  At  what  temperature  does  water 
boil  ?     What  is  on  the  scale  ? 


72  HE  A  1)1  MG 


SILVER  AND  GOLD 


eagle 

polish 

precious 

case 

scarce 

scratch 

enough 

chamois 

mint 

nickel 

tarnish 

watch 

filling 

dime 

quarter 

bracelet 

dollar 

dentist 

ring 

stamped 

Gold  and  silver  are  clled  the  "precious  metals." 
Silver  is  a  white  metal.  It  looks  like  nickel  and  tin. 
Silver  is  heavier  than  aluminum.  Pure  silver  is  not  hard 
enough  for  practical  use.  Silver  must  be  mixed  with 
copper  to  make  it  tough.  Silver  can  be  scratched  with 
a  knife.  The  cases  of  some  watches  are  made  of  silver. 
Some  watches  are  made  of  gold. 

Gold  and  silver  are  used  to  make  our  coins.  We 
have  silver  dimes,  quarters,  half  dollars,  and  dollars. 
Gold  money  is  more  scarce  than  silver  money.  All  the 
gold  and  silver  money  is  made  in  the  government  mints. 
The  metal  is  brought  to  the  mint  in  bars.  There  it  is 
rolled  out,  cut  into  pieces,  and  stamped.  Dentists  use 
gold  and  silver  for  filling  teeth.  We  polish  gold  and 
silver  with  chamois.     Many  ornaments  are  made  of  gold. 

Is  your  watch  made  of  gold  or  of  silver  ?  Which  metal 
is  the  more  precious,  gold  or  silver?  Why  must  silver  be 
mixed  with  copper  to  make  it  tough?  Can  you  scratch 
silver  with  a  knife?  How  can  you  polish  silver ?  Have 
you  ever  seen  a  gold  bracelet  ?  How  many  cents  is  a  sil- 
ver dollar  worth  ?  How  many  dimes  is  a  silver  half  dollar 
worth  ?  Has  the  dentist  ever  put  gold  or  silver  in  your 
teeth?  Do  you  like  to  go  to  the  dentist?  Where  is  all 
tlie  money  made  ?  Who  controls  the  mints  in  which 
money  is  made  ? 


READING 


73 


THE  COW 

stout  support  hide  food  horns 

peaceful  already  cloven  once  hoofs 

calf  feeding  pasture  cud  beef 

This  is  the  picture  of  a  cow  and  her  calf.  They  are  in 
the  pasture.  The  calf  is  feeding.  The  cow  is  a  very 
peaceful  animal.  The  cow  has  short,  stout  legs  to  sup- 
port her  heavy  body.  The  cow  chews  a  cud.  The  cud 
is  food  that  the  cow  has  already  eaten  once.  The  cow 
has  cloven  hoofs  and  two  horns.  The  calf  has  no  horns. 
The  cow  is  a  valuable  animal.  The  cow  gives  us  milk  to 
drink  and  beef  to  eat. 

Have  you  ever  milked  a  cow?  Do  you  like  to  drink 
milk  ?  Will  the  calf  have  horns  sometime  ?  What  kind 
of  hoofs  does  the  cow  have  ?  What  does  the  cow  give 
us?  What  does  the  cow  chew?  Where  is  the  cow?  Is 
the  cow  a  fierce  or  a  peaceful  animal  ?  Is  the  cow  a 
light  or  a  heavy  animal  ?  What  kind  of  legs  has  the 
cow? 


74  READING 

THE    WIND    AND   THE   SUN 


settle 

dispute 

question 

fable 

compel 

immediately 

began 

agreed 

resist 

tremendous 

instead 

furiously 

closely 

finally 

conquered 

wrapped 

thought 

pleasantly 

traveler 

proved 

Once  upon  a  time,  so  the  fable  runs,  the  Wind  and  the 
Sun  had  a  dispute  that  they  wished  to  settle.  The 
question  was  as  to  which  of  the  two  was  the  stronger. 
Just  then  they  saw  a  traveler  coming  along  the  road. 
They  agreed  that  the  one  who  could  first  compel  the 
traveler  to  take  off  his  coat  was  to  be  called  the  stronger. 

Immediately  thereafter  the  Wind  began  to  blow  furi- 
ously. The  Wind  thought  that  the  traveler  could  not 
resist  such  tremendous  strength.  But  instead  of  taking 
off  his  coat,  the  traveler  only  wrapped  it  more  closely 
around  him.     Finally  the  Wind   got  tired  and  stopped. 

Then  the  Sun  took  his  turn.  He  came  out  pleasantly 
and  warm.  This  pleased  the  traveler  and  made  him  feel 
80  warm  that  he  took  off  his  coat  at  once.  In  this  way 
the  Sun  conquered  and  proved  to  the  Wind  that  he  was 
the  stronger  of  the  two. 

What  was  the  dispute  of  the  Wind  and  the  Sun?  How 
did  they  agree  to  settle  the  dispute?  What  did  the  Wind 
do  to  make  the  traveler  take  off  his  coat?  What  did  the 
Wind  think?  What  did  tlie  traveler  do  instead  of  taking 
off  his  coat?  How  did  the  Sun  try  to  make  the  traveler 
take  off  his  coat?     Did  the  Sun  conquer  the  Wind? 

What  does  this  story  mean  ?  Is  it  a  true  story  or  a 
fable  ? 


READING  76 

THE   STORY   OF   A  DOG 


stole 

brook 

greedy 

opened 

snapped 

fell 

property 

reacli 

belonged 

carried 

world 

persons 

neither 

seized 

passing 

reflection 

bridge 

hungry 

indeed 

disappointed 

A  hungry  dog  once  stole  a  large  piece  of  meat.  He 
was  very  glad  indeed  to  get  the  meat.  He  had  seized  the 
meat  in  his  teeth  and  was  running  away  with  it  as  fast  as 
he  could.  On  his  way  he  came  to  a  brook.  As  the  dog 
looked  from  the  bridge  into  the  water,  he  thought  he  saw 
another  dog  with  another  piece  of  meat  in  his  mouth. 

This  piece  of  meat  was  just  like  his  own.  He  was  so 
greedy  that  he  opened  his  mouth  and  snapped  at  the  piece 
of  meat  which  belonged  to  the  other  dog.  His  own  piece 
of  meat  fell  into  the  water  and  was  carried  beyond  his 
reach.  The  dog  was  very  much  disappointed  to  find  that 
the  other  dog  was  simply  his  own  reflection  in  the  water. 
He  had  neither  his  own  piece  of  meat  nor  the  other  dog's. 

In  this  world  there  are  a  good  many  persons  who  are  so 
eager  to  get  the  property  of  others  that  they  lose  their  own. 

What  did  the  dog  steal?  Did  you  ever  see  a  dog  steal 
a  piece  of  meat?  Why  did  this  dog  steal  the  meat? 
What  was  the  dog  doing  with  the  meat  ?  What  did  the 
dog  come  to  on  his  way?  What  did  the  dog  see  when  he 
looked  from  the  bridge  into  the  water  ?  Why  did  he  snap 
at  the  piece  of  meat  that  belonged  to  the  other  dog? 
What  became  of  his  own  piece  of  meat?  Was  the  other 
dog  a  real  dog  ?  Have  you  ever  seen  the  reflection  of  your 
face  in  the  water? 


76 


READING 


THE   KIND   MAYOR 


ragged 

peddling 

station 

railroad 

good-looking 

gentleman 

orphan 

start 

handed 

stranger 

paying 

counted 

mayor 

despised 

meanness 

attention 

received 

value 

sure 

angrily 

A  ragged  little  girl  was  peddling  apples  at  the  railroad 
station  of  a  great  city  A  train  was  about  to  start.  Just 
then  a  good-looking  gentleman  jumped  off  the  train,  and 
asked  the  girl  for  fifteen  cents'  worth  of  apples.  The 
girl  counted  the  apples  and  handed  them  to  him.  Sud- 
denly the  train  began  to  move,  and  the  stranger  got  on 
quickly  without  paying  for  the  apples.  He  gave  no  atten- 
tion to  her  at  all,  but  laughed  as  she  called  out  for  her 
money. 

The  mayor  of  the  city  was  standing  by.  The  mayor 
was  a  man  who  despised  all  meanness.  He  looked  very 
angrily  after  tlie  train.  Then  he  took  the  little  girl  by 
the  arm,  and  led  her  home  with  him.  You  may  be  sure 
she  received  the  full  value  of  her  apples. 

When  the  good  mayor  learned  that  she  was  an  orphan 
girl  without  a  home,  he  found  a  kind  family  who  were 
glad  to  take  care  of  her.  Every  one  liked  the  mayor.  He 
was  always  friendly. 

What  was  tlie  ragged  little  girl  peddling?  Who  bought 
some  apples  of  the  ragged  little  girl?  Did  the  little  girl 
receive  any  pay  for  her  apples?  How  many  cents'  worth 
of  apples  did  she  give  the  stranger?  What  did  the 
stranger  do  when  she  called  out  for  her  money?  Who 
was  standing  by?     What  kind  of  man  was  the  mayor? 


READING 


77 


TRADE  UNIONS 


strike 

afford 

idle 

trade  union 

longest 

masters 

wise 

remain 

society 

divides 

yield 

savings 

shorter 

labor 

refuse 

dissatisfied 

workingmen 

enough 

workmen 

employers 

Sometimes  workingmen  become  dissatisfied  with  their 
work.  They  think  that  they  are  working  too  long  or  that 
they  are  not  getting  enough  pay.  Then  they  strike  for 
shorter  hours  of  labor  and  more  pay.  They  refuse  to  do 
any  more  work  until  their  employers  give  them  shorter 
hours  and  more  wages.  But  the  workmen  are  usually 
poor,  and  the  employers  are  often  rich. 

Often  the  workmen  cannot  live  without  money  from 
wages  long  enough  upon  their  savings  to  compel  the  em- 
ployers to  yield.  You  can  easily  see  that  the  employers 
can  usually  afford  to  remain  idle  longer  than  the  work- 
men. Sometimes  the  wage-earners  form  a  trade  union  to 
help  themselves.  A  trade  union  is  a  society  that  helps  to 
protect  workingmen  from  their  masters.  The  men,  while 
they  are  working,  give  part  of  their  savings  to  the  trade 
union.  The  trade  union  divides  this  money  among  the 
men  while  they  are  striking. 

Why  do  the  workmen  become  dissatisfied  with  their 
work?  For  what  do  the  workmen  strike?  What  do 
the  workmen  refuse  to  do?  Do  the  workmen  have  more 
property  than  the  employers,  or  less?  Can  tlie  workmen 
live  very  long  without  working  ?  What  is  a  trade  union  ^ 
What  do  the  men  give  to  the  trade  union  ?  Do  you  think 
that  it  is  wise  for  workingmen  to  belong  to  trade  unions  ? 


I 


78 


READING 


WHALE  FISHING 


capture 

exciting 

whaler 

whaleboats 

head 

stern 

whalebone 

attached 

coiled 

backward 

exhausted 

blubber 

whale 
fitted 
harpoons 
instantly 

Whale  fishing  used  to  be  a  very  dangerous  business.  It 
is  still  very  exciting  to  try  to  catch  whales.  The  whalers 
were  especially  equipped  for  the  work.  They  carried  six  or 
eight  whaleboats.  The  old  whaleboats  had  head  and  stern 
alike,  so  that  they  could  go  either  forward  or  backward. 
Each  boat  had  a  harpoon,  which  was  attached  to  a  long 
rope.     This  rope  was  coiled  up  in  the  bottom  of  the  boat. 

In  this  picture  a  man  is  tlirowing  his  harpoon  into  the 
whale.  When  the  whale  is  struck,  he  will  instantly  rush 
away.  The  whale  will  pull  the  boat  after  him  until  he  is 
exhausted.  Tlien  the  men  will  capture  him  and  take  his 
blubber  and  whalebone. 

What  is  the  man  in  the  boat  doing  ?  How  were  whales 
captured  in  the  old  days  ?     What  do  men  get  from  whales  ? 


READING 


79 


THE  CAMEL 


desert 

plentiful 

purpose 


burden 
journey 
supply 


swift 

hump 

wool 


camel 

nutriment 

imported 


The  camel  is  well  fitted  for  its  life  on  the  desert.  The 
desert  is  a  very  dry  region  where  food  and  water  are  found 
at  very  long  distances  apart.  The  camel  can  make  a 
journey   of   several   days  without  either  food  or  water. 

You  can  see  the  two  humps  on  the  camel's  back.  The 
two  humps  contain  nutriment.  The  camel  uses  this 
nutriment  when  he  can  find  nothing  to  eat.  In  the  camel 
there  is  also  a  bag,  in  which  he  stores  water  for  the  same 
purpose.  The  camel  is  very  swift  and  can  carry  a  heavy 
burden.  The  camel  has  a  plentiful  supply  of  milk.  We 
import  a  great  deal  of  camel's  hair. 

Write  about  the  camel. 


80 


READING 


THE   UNITED   STATES 


foremost 

according 

consists 

foreigners 

President 


republic 

prosperous 

population 

Senate 

elected 


monarchy 

area 

millions 

serve 

representatives 


Congress 

square 

immigrants 

wonderful 

governed 


The  United  States  is  the  foremost  republic  in  the  world. 
A  republic  is  governed  by  the  people.  A  country  that  is 
governed  by  a  king  is  called  a  monarchy.  The  United 
States  is  perhaps  the  most  prosperous  country  in  the  world. 

The  area  of  the  United  States  is  three  and  a  half  million 
square  miles.  The  population  of  the  United  States  is  over 
seventy-six  millions.  Thousands  of  immigrants  from  all 
the  nations  of  Europe  come  into  the  country  every  year. 
Mt  is  wonderful  how  quickly  these  foreigners  become 
Americans. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  is  elected  to  serve 
four  years.  The  laws  of  the  nation  are  made  by  Con- 
gress. Congress  consists  of  the  Senate  and  the  House  of 
Representatives.  Every  State  has  two  senators.  The 
number  of  representatives  depends  upon  the  population 
of  the  State. 

How  is  the  United  States  governed?  Is  the  United 
States  a  monarchy  or  a  republic  ?  How  is  It^  governed  ? 
Which  is  the  most  prosperous  nation  in  tKe  world  ?  What 
is  the  area  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is  the  population 
of  the  United  States  ?  Who  come  into  the  country  every 
year  ?  Do  these  foreigners  become  Americans  quickly  ? 
How  many  years  does  the  President  of  the  United  States 
serve  ? 


BEADING 


81 


NEWSPAPERS 


printed 

events 

advertisements 

reporters 

copies 

commerce 

affairs 

sports 

account 

charge 

politics 

rent 

editor 

describes 

manager 

music 

position 

newsboys 

advertise 

next 

The  newspaper  is  a  printed  sheet  of  paper.  The  news- 
paper gives  an  account  of  all  the  events  of  the  day.  Each 
newspaper  has  a  great  many  reporters.  It  is  the  business 
of  the  reporters  to  find  out  what  is  going  on.  If  there  is 
a  great  fire  in  the  city,  a  reporter  describes  it.  The  next 
morning  the  paper  will  give  an  account  of  the  fire. 

The  newspaper  also  tells  about  commerce,  national  and 
foreign  affairs,  music,  politics,  and  sports.  The  newspa- 
pers contain  a  great  many  advertisements.  They  advertise 
houses  for  sale,  houses  for  rent,  horses,  positions,  and  many 
other  things.  Each  newspaper  is  in  charge  of  editors  and 
managers.  Some  of  the  editorg  write  editorials  upon  pub- 
lic affairs.  The  newsboys  sell  the  newspapers  on  the 
street. 

Do  you  read  the  newspaper  ?  Which  newspaper  do  you 
read?  Did  you  ever  sell  newspapers  ?  How  many  copies 
can  a  newsboy  sell  in  a  da}'^  ?  What  does  the  newspaper 
give  an  account  of  ?  Who  finds  out  what  is  going  on  ? 
What  other  things  does  the  newspaper  tell  about  ?  What 
do  the  newspapers  advertise  ?  Do  you  read  the  advertise- 
ments in  the  newspapers  ?  If  you  had  a  house  for  sale, 
would  you  let  the  newspapers  advertise  it  ?  Who  sells  the 
newspapers?  Do  you  read  the  editorials  in  the  news- 
papers ? 


READ.   EVE.   SCH. 


82 

READING 

REVIEW 

pick 

ton 

notice 

beef 

stairs 

dug 

thin 

compel 

busy 

shiny 

useless 

began 

salt 

coke 

seldom 

agreed 

below 

hoisted 

poker 

kind 

mine 

freight 

bedstead 

mayor 

candles 

feathers 

chains 

handed 

surface 

ladies 

poured 

peddling 

descend 

pillows 

tanks 

counted 

power 

beautiful 

bullets 

strike 

weight 

cushions 

flat 

savings 

steep 

cruel 

roofs 

idle 

wheel 

liquid 

gutters 

afford 

wooden 

shape 

pipe 

attacked 

invented 

clear 

ice 

whale 

lower 

sickness 

frozen 

immense 

machinery 

smell 

skating 

supply 

faithful 

fresh 

important 

wool 

guard 

level 

float 

imported 

world 

movement 

spill 

republic 

unlike 

another 

thermometer 

governed 

friend 

hooks 

degrees 

immigrants 

fur 

greedy 

cai-eful 

prosperous 

asleep 

chew 

dentist 

square 

watching 

wire 

mint 

printed 

protect 

copper 

dime 

newspaper 

fuel 

twist 

watch 

advertise 

furnace 

common 

enough 

national 

railroad 

wages 

commerce 

manager 

pleasantly 

remain 

orphan 

editor 

LESSONS   IN   LANGUAGE 


STATEMENTS 

1.  The  river  is  frozen. 

2.  Winter  is  gone. 

3.  The  robins  liave  come. 

Of  what  does  the  first  sentence  tell  something?  What 
is  told  about  it  ?  i 

Of  what  does  the  second  sentence  tell  something? 
What  is  told  about  it? 

What  does  the  third  sentence  tell? 

Write  a  sentence  that  tells  something  about  the  weather. 

Write  a  sentence  telling  what  your  occupation  is. 

Write  a  sentence  telling  where  you  live.  Write  a  sen- 
tence telling  what  time  it  is. 

A  sentence  that  tells  or  states  something  is  a  statement. 

With  what  kind  of  letter  does  the  first  statement  at  the 
top  of  the  page  beg'n?  the  second  statement?  the  third? 

What  punctuation  mark  is  placed  after  these  statements? 

Rules  :  —  The  first  luord  of  every  sentence  begins  with  a 
capital  letter. 

A  period  is  placed  after  every  statement.  Learn  to  spell 
the  following  words,  and  make  a  statement  about  each  :  — 


sun 

factory 

policeman 

river 

moon 

school 

pencil 

skating 

mayor 

wheel 

world 

dollar 

friend 

working-man 

book 

fishing 

thought 

railroad 

cattle 

government 

83 


84  LANGUAGE 

SIMPLE   AND   MODIFIED   SUBJECT 

1.  The  robin  sings. 

2.  The  little  red  robin  sings. 

In  these  two  sentences  what  are  spoken  of  ? 

In  the  second  sentence  what  two  words  show  the  kind 
of  robins  spoken  of  ? 

Tlie  name  robin  is  called  the  simple  subject  of  the  sen- 
tence. The  words  little  and  7'ed  are  called  modifiers  of 
the  simple  subject.  The  little  red  robin  is  the  modified 
subject  of  the  sentence. 

Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
modifiers  of  the  simple  subjects  :  — 

1.  The fox  runs  fast. 

2.  The boy  will  succeed. 

3.  The dog  watched  the  stranger. 

4.  Tlie leaves  fall  to  the  ground. 

5.  The moon  has  risen. 

6.  A squirrel  is  on  the  tree. 

7.  Some chestnuts  were  on  the  fire. 

8.  The beach  was  a  nice  place  to  bathe. 

9.  The Indians  were  on  the  march. 

10.  The gentleman  will  speak  to  you. 

11.  The flower  smells  sweet. 

12.  Tlie stars  have  disappeared. 

13.  The soldier  has  come  home. 

14.  The street  is  stopped  up  with  carts. 

15.  The man  will  lift  the  stone, 

16.  The weather  has  come. 


LANGUAGE  85 

WORDS    USED   TO   ASSERT 

1.  The  wind  blows.  3.    The  picture  is  beautiful. 

2.  The  moon  rises.  4.    The  lemon  is  sour. 

What  word  tells  what  the  wind  does  ?  What  does  the 
wind  do  ?  What  word  tells  what  the  moon  does  ?  What 
does  the  moon  do  ?  Is  the  picture  beautiful  ?  What  word 
do  you  use  to  say  this  of  the  picture  ?  What  does  the 
word  is  do  in  the  fourth  sentence  ? 

Words  like  blows,  7'ises,  and  is,  used  to  make  assertions, 
are  called  verbs.  We  cannot  make  a  statement  without 
using  a  verb.  We  cannot  say  anything  about  a  thing  or 
a  person  unless  we  use  a  verb.  Therefore  it  is  very 
important  to  understand  what  verbs  are. 

Complete  the  following,  filling  the  blanks  with  verbs :  — 

1.  The  monkey .  10.  Horses hay. 

2.  The  tree .  11.  The  year  twelve 

3.  Birds in  the  air.  months. 

4.  The  apples green.  12.  Bees honey. 

5.  The  buildino- tall.  13.  John his  kite. 


"» 


6.  Fishes in  the  water.  14.    An  acorn an  oak. 

7.  Charles the  ball.  15.    The    letter    well 

8.  The  horse the  fence.  written. 

9.  The  snake  on  the  16.    The  clock seven. 

ground. 

Write  in  a  sentence  each  of  the  follomng  verbs :  — 

run  hear  fear  eat  write  read 

walk  like  push  hurry  tear  wear 

ride  drive  rise  buy  stand  fail 


S6 


LANGUAGE 


WORDS   USED   TO   ASSERT 

1.  The  horse  ran  away. 

2.  Ihe  birds  come  in  the  spring. 

In  the  first  sentence  the  verb,  ran,  tells  the  action  of  the 
horse.  In  the  second  sentence  the  verb,  eome,  tells  an 
action  of  the  birds. 

A  verb  asserts  something  of  its  subject.  In  the  follow- 
ing sentences  pick  out  the  verb  and  tell  what  it  asserts  of 
its  subject :  — 

1.  The  blacksmith  is  shoeing  the  horse. 

2.  Columbus  discovered  America. 

3.  The  train  travels  fast. 

4.  The  policeman  arrested  the  thief. 

5.  The  men  were  unloading  the  vessel. 

Make  twenty  sentences  by  combining  the  following 
nouns  and  verbs  :  — 

Nouns 


1. 

baby,  babies. 

6. 

lion,  lions. 

2^ 

woman,  women. 

7. 

star,  stars. 

3. 

boy,  boys. 

8. 

wind,  winds 

4. 

dog,  dogs. 

9. 

horse,  horses. 

5. 

mail,  men. 

10. 

Verbs 

bird,  birds. 

1. 

twinkle,  twinkles. 

6. 

blow,  blows. 

2. 

run,  runs. 

7. 

swim,  swims. 

3. 

fly,  flies. 

8. 

vote,  votes. 

4. 

cry,  cries. 

9. 

roar,  roars. 

5. 

bark,  barks. 

10. 

sew,  sews. 

LANGUAGE  87 

SIMPLE   AND   MODIFIED   PREDICATE 

1.  The  robin  sings. 

2.  The  robin  sings  merrily. 

What  is  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence  ?  of  the  second  ? 

What  word  tells  what  the  robin  does?  What  word  tells 
how  the  robin  sings  ? 

The  word  sing  is  called  the  simple  predicate.  The  word 
merrily  is  called  the  modifier  of  the  simple  predicate. 

Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
modifiers  of  the  simple  predicates  :  — 

1.    Snow  falls . 


2.  He  went  to  work . 

3.  The  ship  crosses  the  ocean . 

4.  They  placed  the  sick  man  in  the  carriage . 

5.  The  letter  was  written . 

6.  The  employer  spoke . 

7.  He  held  his  own . 

8.  The  river  wound —  to  the  sea. 

9.  The  breeze  blew . 

10.  He  fell to  the  ground. 

Write  five  sentences,  each  containing  a  modified  predi- 
cate. 

Write  five  sentences,  each  containing  a  modified  subject. 
Write  each  of  the  following  modifiers  in  a  sentence :  — 

early  soon  quickly  well  finely 

honestly  best  wholly  fast  badly 


88  LANGUAGE 

\ 

EXERCISE   IN   MAKING   SENTENCES  j 

i 

Write  answers  to  the  following  questions.     Make  each 
answer  a  complete  sentence  :  — 

1.  Where  does  the  sun  rise  ? 

2.  When  do  the  leaves  fall  from  the  trees  ? 

3.  At  what  time  of  year  do  the  ponds  freeze  over  ? 

4.  What  makes  the  locomotive  engine  move  "^ 

5.  What  makes  the  clouds  move  in  the  sky? 

6.  At  what  time  of  the  year  are  the  fruits  ripe  ? 

7.  When  do  the  farmers  plant  their  seed  ? 

8.  Who  is  now  the  President  of  the  United  States  ? 

9.  What  is  the  color  of  the  sunset  ? 

10.  At  what  time  of  the  year  does  the  hot  weather  come? 

11.  What  game  is  played  in  summer? 

12.  What  kinds  of  ships  sail  on  the  sea  ? 

13.  What  carries  the  ships  across  the  sea? 

14.  How  can  you  tell  what  direction  the  wind  blows  ? 

15.  Who  makes  bread  ? 

16.  Who  delivers  letters  ? 

17.  Who  shoes  horses  ? 

18.  What  does  the  glazier  do  ? 

19.  How  many  hours  are  there  in  a  day? 

20.  Who  sells  drugs  ? 

21.  What  does  the  cobbler  do  ? 

22.  Who  makes  tables  ? 

23.  What  does  the  bootblack  do  ? 

24.  Wliere  do  the  horses  drink  ? 

25.  When  does  Thanksgiving  Day  come  ? 

26.  How  many  senators  are  there  from  each  State? 

27.  Do  you  like  to  go  fishing  ?  ,| 


LANGUAGE  89 

VERBS  —  SINGULAR  AND  PLURAL  FORMS 

1.  The  fishes  swim.  3.    The  boys  jump. 

2.  The  fish  swims.  4.    The  boy  jumps. 

5.  The  girls  sew. 

6.  The  girl  sews. 

What  is  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence  ?  What  is  the 
predicate  ?  Wiiat  is  the  subject  of  the  second  sentence  ? 
What  is  the  predicate  of  the  second  sentence  ? 

Is  the  subject  of  the  first  sentence  singular  or  plural? 
Is  the  subject  of  the  second  sentence  singular  or  plural  ? 
How  does  the  verb  in  the  second  sentence  differ  from  the 
verb  in  the  first  ? 

What  is  the  verb  in  the  third  sentence?  in  the  fourth? 
Which  has  a  plural  subject  ?  Which  has  a  singular  sub- 
ject ?  What  is  added  to  a  verb  when  it  has  a  singular 
subject  ? 

What  is  the  verb  in  the  sixth  sentence  ?  Has  it  a  sin- 
gular or  a  plural  form  ?     Why  ?     How  has  it  been  made  ? 

The  singular  form  of  most  verbs  is  made  by  adding  s  to 
the  plural  form. 

Copy  the  following,  filling  the  blanks  with  verbs :  — 

1.  The  bell .  5.  The  cow . 

2.  The  bells .  6.  The  cows . 

3.  The  river to  the  ocean.  7.  A  dog . 

4.  The  rivers to  the  ocean.  8.  Dogs . 

Write  in  sentences  both  the  singular  and  plural  forms 
of  the  following  verbs  :  — 

cut  steal  bakes  send  sells 

finish  find  keeps  collect  trusts 


•.•0 


LANGUAGE 


ABBREVIATIONS 

Some  words  are  shortened  or  abbreviated  when  writ- 
ten :  — 

1.  Doctor  Smith  lives  at  Number  78  Main  Street. 

2.  Dr.  Smith  lives  at  No.  78  Main  St. 

3.  A  letter  was  directed  to  Mister  Henry  Shaw,  Bloom- 
field,  Essex  County,  New  Jersey. 

4.  A  letter  was  directed  to  Mr.  H.  Shaw,  Bloomfield, 
Essex  Co.,  N.J. 

What  are  the  abbreviations  in  the  second  sentence? 
What  is  the  abbreviation  for  "  Doctor  "  ?  for  "  Number  "  ? 
for  "Street"? 

What  are  the  abbreviations  in  the  fourth  sentence? 
For  what  word  is  "Mr."  an  abbreviation?  For  what 
word  is  "Co."  an  abbreviation?  For  what  is  "N.J."  an 
abbreviation  ? 

A  period  must  be  placed  after  every  abbreviation. 

Learn  the  following  abbreviations  :  — 


St., 

Street. 

U.S., 

United  States. 

Ave., 

Avenue. 

N.Y., 

New  York  (State). 

PI., 

Place. 

P.O., 

Post  Office. 

N., 

North. 

R.R., 

Railroad. 

s.. 

South. 

Co., 

County,  Company. 

E., 

East. 

No., 

Number. 

w.. 

AVest. 

Mr., 

Mister. 

S.W., 

Southwest. 

Mrs., 

Mistress,  "  Misses." 

N.E., 

Northeast. 

Rev., 

Reverend. 

M., 

Noon. 

Hon., 

Honorable. 

A.M., 

Morning. 

No., 

Number. 

P.M., 

Afternoon. 

Doz., 

Dozen. 

LANGUAGE  91 

THE   MONTHS 

Learn  the  following :  — 

The  twelve  months  are  January,  February,  March, 
April,  May,  June,  July,  August,  September,  October, 
November,  and  December. 

Write  twelve  sentences,  telling  something  about  each  of 
the  twelve  months  ;  weather,  etc. 

When  written  as  dates,  the  names  of  nine  of  the  months 
are  sometimes  abbreviated  as  follows :  — 


January,     Jan.  August,        Aug.  i 

February,  Feb.  September,  Sept. 

March,        Mar.  October,       Oct.  I 

April,  Apr.  November,    Nov. 

December,  Dec.  ; 

Copy  the  following  :  —  1 

Thirty  days  have  September,  i 

April,  June,  and  November  ;  ' 

All  the  rest  have  thirty-one,  i 

Excepting  February  alone,  ! 

Which  hath  but  twenty-eight,  in  fine,  j 

Till  leap  year  gives  it  twenty-nine.  I 

« 

Answer  the  following  questions  :  —  j 

1.  Which  are  the  spring  months?  { 

2.  Which  are  the  summer  months?  i 

3.  Which  are  the  fall  months?  i 

4.  Which  are  the  winter  months?  i 

The  names  of  the  months  begin  with  capital  letters. 

Put  a  period  (.)  at  the  end  of  every  sentence.  ' 


92  LANGUAGE 

WORDS   USED   IN   PLACE   OF   NAMES 

1.  I  am  going  away  with  Charles. 

2.  Charles  and  I  are  going  away. 

3.  We  are  going  away. 

In  the  first  sentence,  for  what  does  the  word  /stand? 
In  place  of  wliat  name  is  it  used?  Which  word  in  the 
second  sentence  is  used  in  the  place  of  the  speaker? 

In  the  third  sentence,  for  what  does  the  word  We  stand? 
When  speaking  for  yourself  alone,  use  I.  When  speak- 
ing for  one  or  more  persons  and  yourself,  use  we. 

The  words  /and  we  are  called  pronouns. 
Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
the  word  /  or  ive :  — 

1.  He  said might  do  it. 

2.    go  walking  together  very  often. 

3.    cannot  afford  to  spend  the  money. 

4.  John  and will  be  there  at  half-past  seven. 

5.    am  not  willing  to  do  it. 

6.    are  going  into  business  together. 

'''•  pretended  that was  very  angry. 

8.  He  said,  " cannot  agree  with  you." 

0-  have  not  bought  our  tickets. 

10.  Neither  James  nor have  seen  him. 

11-  will  soon  be  among  my  friends. 

Learn  to  spell  each  of  the  following  words,  and  then 
write  it  in  a  sentence  :  walking,  business,  seven,  tickets, 
among,  going,  friends,  agree,  spend,  money,  angry,  often. 


LANGUAGE  93 

PRONOUNS  — POSSESSIVE   CASE 

1.  I  am  reading  the  book.  It  is  my  book. 

2.  We  are  reading  the  book.        It  is  our  book. 

3.  You  are  reading  the  book.       It  is  your  book. 

4.  He  is  reading  the  book.  It  is  his  book. 

5.  She  is  reading  the  book.  It  is  her  book. 

6.  They  are  reading  the  book.     It  is  their  book. 

7.  It  is  a  large  book.  Its  pictures  are  beautiful. 

8.  They  are  large  books.     Their  pictures  are  beautiful. 

In  the  first  column  of  sentences,  the  pronouns  are  used 
as  the  subjects.  In  the  second  column  the  possessive  forms 
are  used.  The  pronouns  m^,  our,  your,  his,  her,  their,  its, 
are  possessive  pronouns  and  are  used  to  tell  to  whom  a  cer- 
tain thing  belongs. 

Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
suitable  pronouns  :  — 

1.  They  have  put  on skates. 

2.  Always  keep things  where belong. 

3.  Henry  has  learned lesson. 

4.    were  walking  in  the  woods  and  lost  — —  way. 

5.    has  torn dress. 

6.  Hang  your  coat  in place. 

7.  We  have  finished  — —  work. 

8.  George  has  taken  my  umbrella,  and  broken 

handle. 

9.  He  has  made  up mind  to  stay  at  home. 

Write  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  sentence :  — 

shoe  rubbers  button  lace  necktie 

string        stocking        trousers        collar        handkerchief 


94  LANGUAGE 


PRONOUNS 


Write  the  following  sentences,  putting  the  proper  pro- 
nouns in  the  blank  spaces  :  — 

1.  The  man  has  brought dinner. 

2.  If  a  man  finds  some  money, should  return  it 

to  the  owner. 

3.  The  jury  brought  in verdict. 

4.  The  workmen  were  on  the  way  to homes. 

5.  William,  I  see  that are  not  doing  right. 

6.  He  knows  what wants. 

7.  I  will  do  anything  to  help that  I  can. 

8.  I  will  give  all money,  if  you  will  give  all 

time. 

9.  If  I  were  in place, have  everything • 

wished. 

10.  The  gentleman  had  taken  off hat. 

11.  How  can  we  get money  back? 

12.  Shall  we  give what  they  want? 

13.  If  she  will  give money,  I  will  give . 

14.  When  you  see  Tom,  tell  that  will  be 

there. 

15.  Will  Mr.  Smith  sell house? 

16.  Have  the  men  received pay? 

Questions 
When  we  want  to  find  out  something,  we  ask  a  ques- 
tion about  it.  If  we  want  to  know  what  time  it  is,  we 
ask  a  friend,  "What  time  is  it?"  A  question  mark  (?) 
stands  after  every  question.  Write  questions  about  the 
following:  the  weather,  horses,  the  country,  the  theater, 
to-morrow,  school,  this  evening,  money. 


LANGUAGE  95 

EXERCISES 


For  dictation :  — 


Under  a  spreading  chestnut  tree 

The  village  smithy  stands ; 
The  smith,  a  mighty  man  is  he, 

With  large  and  sinewy  hands ; 
And  the  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 

Are  strong  as  iron  bands.  —  II.  W.  Longfellow. 

The  above  selection  from  Longfellow's  poem,  called 
''The  Village  Blacksmith,"  is  a  stanza  of  six  verses. 
Notice  that  each  verse  begins  with  a  capital  letter. 
Pick  out  all  the  names  in  the  stanza  and  write  them 
in  a  column.     Then  write  each  in  a  sentence  of  its  own. 

Write  answers  to  the  following  questions.  Make  each 
of  your  answers  a  complete  sentence  :  — 

1.  Where  does  the  village  smithy  stand  ? 

2.  Who  owns  the  smithy  ? 

3.  What  kind  of  hands  has  the  blacksmith  ? 

4.  How  strong  are  the  blacksmith's  arms  ? 

5.  What  kind  of  a  tree  stands  near  the  village  smithy  ? 

6.  What  kind  of  work  does  the  blacksmith  do  ? 

7.  Why  are  the  blacksmith's  muscles  strong  ? 

8.  What  is  there  in  a  blacksmith's  shop  ? 

Learn  to  spell  the  following  words,  and  use  each  in  a 

sentence  :  — 


forge 

anvil 

hammer 

nail 

screw 

bellows 

iron 

nut 

vise 

horseshoe 

96  LANGUAGE 

PRONOUNS 

1.  I  had  a  key  but  lost  it. 

2.  My  mother  thought  she  had  seen  it. 

3.  Tom  said  that  he  had  seen  it. 

4.  They  were  both  mistaken. 

In  the  first  sentence,  for  wliat  does  the  word  it  stand  ? 
Who  did  tlie  mother  tliink  had  seen  it?  Who  did  Tom 
say  had  seen  it  ?  In  the  second  sentence,  for  what  does 
the  word  she  stand  ?  In  the  third  sentence,  for  what  does 
the  word  he  stand  ? 

In  the  fourth  sentence,  for  what  does  the  word  they 
stand  ? 

Words  used  instead  of  names  are  called  pronouns. 

Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
suitable  pronouns  :  — 

1.  Mary  will  come  if can. 

2.  My  father  thinks  that will  go  away  to-morrow. 

3.  John  and  Frank  have  gone  home,  because want 

to  read. 

4.  I  asked  him  and said would  like  it. 

5.  Alice  cannot  sew,  because has  lost  her  needle. 

6.  If  my  brother  has  no  money, cannot  go. 

7.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smith  will  move  into  their  new  house, 
when return. 

Learn  to  spell  the  following  words,  and  then  write  each 
in  a  sentence  :  — 


box 

bell 

house 

fence 

find 

liorse 

drive 

story 

board 

strike 

car 

street 

grass 

nail 

boat 

LANGUAGE  97  I 

EXERCISES   IN   MAKING   SENTENCES 

Make  sentences  by  filling  the  blanks  with  subjects :  —  j 

1.    swim  in  the  pond.  ' 

2.    shod  the  horse. 

3.    mended  the  table. 

4. play  baseball.  ; 

5.    rises  in  the  morning,  ; 

6.    is  behind  a  cloud.  I 

7.    strikes  the  hour.  ,l 

8.    has  written  a  letter.  ! 

9.    blows  cold.  \ 

10.    float  in  the  sky.  , 

11.    is  a  graceful  tree.  i 

12.    are  closed  t)li  Sunday. 

Make  sentences  by  filling  the  blanks  with  predica,tes :  —  , 

1.  The  stars .  | 

2.  Christmas .  ! 

3.  Columbus .  ; 

4.  The  river . 

6.    Gold  and  silver  -— — .  | 

6.    The  rainbow . 


7.  Bees  and  wasps  — — 

8.  Autumn  leaves  — 

9.  The  American  flag 


10.  The  moon . 

11.  The  large  ship . 

Use  modified  subjects  and  predicates,  and  tell  the  nouns, 
pronouns,  and  verbs  that  are  added. 

READ.    EVE.  SCH.  — 7 


98  LANGUAGE 

WORDS   USED   WITH   NAMES 

1.  John  has  a  sharp  knife. 

2.  William  has  a  new  hat. 

3.  The  large  house  is  on  fire. 

4.  The  horse  is  pulling  a  heavy  load. 

What  word  is  used  with  the  name  knife?  What  does 
it  tell?  What  word  is  used  with  the  name  hatJ  What 
does  it  tell?  What  word  is  used  with  the  name  house? 
What  does  it  tell?     What  does  the  word  heavy  do? 

What  is  the  difference  between  "  John  has  a  knife  "  and 
"  John  has  a  sharp  knife  "  ?  IJ 

Names  are  called  nouns.  ft 

Words  used  to  qualif}^  nouns  or  to  limit  the  meaning  of 
nouns  are  called  adjectives.  « 


, 


Write  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 

suitable  adjectives :  — 

1.  weeks  make  a  year. 

2.  The clouds  are  passing  over. 

3.  The apples  are  on  the  ground. 

4.  Here  are  a  dozen oranges. 

5.  The boy  is  not  tall  enough  to  get  the  fruit. 

6.  The man  was  convicted. 

7.  weather  has  come  again. 

8.  The boy  will  succeed. 

9.  We  walked  up  the  very mountain. 

10.  The  book  has  many pictures  in  it. 

11.  Ice  is water. 

12.  He  was  riding  a  very horse. 


LANGUAGE 


99 


WORDS   USED   WITH  NAMES 

Honest  man.  Kind  father.  Good  dog.  Fast  horse. 
In  each  of  these  phrases  an  adjective  is  used  to  modify  a 
noun.  It  tells  something  about  the  thing  of  which  the 
noun  is  the  name. 

A  phrase  is  a  group  of  related  words  expressing  a  single 
idea. 

The  words  honest,  Jcind,  good,  and  fast  are  adjectives. 
Each  tells  something  about  the  noun  it  modifies.  The 
word  honest  describes  man  ;  the  word  kind  describes 
father  ;  the  word  good  describes  dog  ;  and  the  word  fast 
describes  horse. 

Write  nouns  with  the  following  adjectives  :  — 


soft 

good 

this 

large 

shiny 

first 

many 

clear 

ten 

American 

these 

great 

white 

heavy 

industrious 

cold 

lovely 

sharp 

cruel 

pleasant 

fine 

able 

brave 

slow 

costly 

Write 

adjectives  w 

ith  the  following  nouns 

•  -  . 

book 

gentleman 

chair 

hat 

house 

stove 

boat 

dinner 

train 

wagon 

glass 

merchant 

ship 

water 

music 

evening 

carpenter 

room 

carpet 

pen 

bank 

oak 

street 

paper 

letter 

Name  some  things  that  may  be  approximately  described 
by  the  following  adjectives  :  — 

sweet  sticky  wet  dry 


sour 

loose 

rough 


hot 
smooth 


tough 
green 


thin 
long 


handsome 
smart 


100  LANGUAGE 

THIS,  THESE  — THAT,  THOSE 

1.  Look  at  this  book.  8.    Look  at  that  book, 

2.  Look  at  these  books.  4.    Look  at  those  books. 

Does  the  word  book  mean  one  or  more  than  one?  What 
is  the  plural  of  book?  Is  the  word  this  used  before  the 
singular  or  the  plural  form?  Before  which  form  is  the 
word  these  used?  the  adjective  that?  the  adjective  tho?e? 

On  the  desk  in  front  of  me  there  is  a  small  knife,  and 
on  another  desk  farther  away  from  me  there  is  a  large 
knife.     In  speaking  of  these  knives  I  would  say :  — 

This  knife  is  a  small  one. 
That  knife  is  a  large  one. 

If  there  were  several  small  knives  and  several  large 
knives,  I  would  say :  — 

These  knives  are  small. 
Those  knives  are  large. 

When  speaking  of  the  nearer  of  two  objects,  use  this. 
When  speaking  of  the  farther  of  two  objects,  use  that. 
When  there  are  several  objects  near  and  far,  and  you  wish 
to  speak  of  the  nearer,  use  these;  in  speaking  of  the  far- 
ther, use  those. 

Write  the  following,  filling  the  blanks  with  this  or  that, 
these  or  those  :  — 

1.  hat  is  mine,  and hat  is  yours. 

2.  apples  in  the  other  room  are  sweeter  than . 

3.  coat  in  my  hand  is  more  expensive  than 

one. 

4.  He  came  to land  for  the  sake  of  freedom  and 

opportunity,  leaving  that  land  of  political  inequality. 


LANGUAGE  101 

MAKING   SENTENCES   . 

Combine  the  sentences  in  each  of  the  following  groupis 
into  one  sentence :  — 

Model 


The  dog  was  eating  the  bone. 

The  dog  was  big. 

The  dog  was  eating  hungrily. 


The  big  dog  was  eating 
the  bone  hungrily. 


1.  John  has  a  sharp  knife. 

John  is  whittling  with  it.  , 

John  is  whittling  a  piece  of  pine  wood.  ] 

2.  My  friend  broke  his  finger,  | 
He  did  it  playing  ball.  j 
It  was  his  little  finger. 

8.    The  little  boy  went  to  the  doctor. 

He  went  with  his  mother. 

He  was  sick.  { 

i 
4.    The  children  are  coming  down  the  street. 

They  are  merry. 

There  are  five  children. 

6.    Mr.  Johnson  lost  his  handkerchief. 
It  was  a  silk  handkerchief. 
He  lost  it  out  of  the  car  window. 

6.  The  stars  come  out  one  by  one. 
They  are  very  bright. 
They  come  out  after  the  sun  goes  down. 

7.  The  farmer  is  cutting  the  grass. 
The  grass  is  tall  and  thick. 
He  is  cutting  the  grass  in  the  meadow. 


102  LANGUAGE 


CONTRACTIONS 


1.  It  is  going  to  snow  to-day. 

2.  It's  going  to  snow  to-day. 

3.  Tliey  have  not  received  their  pay. 

4.  Tliey  haven't  received  their  pay. 

In  the  second  sentence,  for  what  does  Its  stand  ?  What 
letter  is  left  out  ?     What  mark  talces  its  place  ? 

The  mark  (' )  is  called  an  apostrophe. 

In  the  fourth  sentence,  for  what  does  haven't  stand? 
What  letter  is  left  out?     What  is  put  in  place  of  it? 

Learn  the  following  contractions  :  — ■ 

1.  Don't  for  do  not. 

2.  Doesn't  for  does  not. 

3.  You're  for  you  are. 

4.  We're  for  we  are. 

5.  They're  for  they  are. 

6.  I'll  for  I  will. 

7.  Hasn't  for  has  not. 

8.  Aren't  for  are  not. 

9.  Isn't  for  is  not. 

Copy  the  following  sentences,  writing  the  contracted 
words  in  full :  — 

1.  It's  too  high  for  me  to  reach. 

2.  Doesn't  the  train  go  fast  ? 

3.  Tliey're  rowing  down  the  river 

4.  We're  too  late  to  catch  the  boat. 

5.  John  hasn't  any  book. 

6.  They  don't  speak  English. 

7.  I'll  tell  you  about  it  to-morrow. 


LANGUAGE  103 

HAS   AND   HAVE 

1.  Mr.  Williams  has  many  horses. 

2.  Mr.  Williams  and  Mr.  Shaw  have  many  horses. 

3.  I  have  finished  my  work. 

4.  John  and  I  have  finished  our  work. 

About  what  is  something  said  in  the  first  sentence  ? 
in  the  second  sentence  ?  How  many  things  are  there  in 
the  subject  of  the  first  sentence  ?  How  many  things  are 
there  in  the  subject  of  the  second  sentence,  one  thing  or 
more  than  one  thing?  In  which  sentence  is  has  used? 
In  which  is  have  used  ? 

What  is  the  subject  of  the  third  sentence  ?  Is  has  or 
have  used  ?  How  many  are  there  in  the  subject  of  the 
fourth  sentence  ?     Is  has  or  have  used  ? 

JTas  is  used  when  speaking  of  one  person  or  thing,  and 
have  is  used  when  speaking  of  more  than  one  persou  or 
thing,  or  of  yourself. 

Complete  the  following  sentences,  filling  the  blanks  with 
has  or  have  :  — 

1.  I been  sick  for  a  long  time. 

2.  He been  promoted. 

3.  John  and  Charles lost  their  way. 

4.  Tlie  policeman caught  the  thief. 

5.  I received  a  letter. 

6.  The  soldier gone  to  war. 

7.  The  trees been  rooted  up  by  the  wind. 

8.    they  found  the  lost  child  ? 

9.  Mr.  Monroe,  who  is  now  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
become  a  voter. 


10-i  LANGUAGE 

DICTATION 

So  the  Deacon  inquired  of  the  village  folk 
Where  he  could  find  the  strongest  oak, 
That  couldn't  be  split  nor  bent  nor  broke,  — 
That  was  for  spokes  and  floor  and  sills ; 
The  crossbars  were  ash,  from  the  straightest  trees ; 
The  panels  of  whitewood,  that  cuts  like  cheese, 
But  lasts  like  iron  for  things  like  these.  —  0.  W.  Holmes. 
Write  in  one  column  all  the  nouns  in  the  selection  above. 
In  another  column  write  all  the  verbs. 

Answer  the  following  questions,  making  each  answer  a 
complete  sentence  :  — 

1.  Of  whom  did  the  deacon  inquire  about  wood  for  his 
carriage  ? 

2.  What  kind  of  an  oak  did  he  wish  to  find  ? 

3.  For  what  part  of  his  carriage  did  the  deacon  use 
the  wood  of  the  oak  ? 

4.  What  kind  of  wood  did  he  use  for  the  crossbars  ? 

5.  What  kind  of  tree  did  he  use  for  the  crossbars  ? 

6.  Of  what  wood  did  he  make  the  panels  ? 

7.  Is  it  easy  to  cut  whitewood  with  a  knife  ? 

8.  Will  whitewood  last  a  long  time  ? 

9.  Why  did  the  deacon  use  whitewood  to  make  the 
panels  ? 

10.  Why  did  the  deacon  make  the  spokes  of  oak? 

11.  What  kind  of  wood  would  you  use  in  making  a  bat  ? 

12.  What  kind  of  wood  would  you  use  to  make  a  fish- 
pole  ? 

The  first  word  of  a  line  of  poetry  always  begins  with 
a  capital  letter. 


LANGUAGE  105 

0 

WAS  AND   WERE 

1.  The  man  was  in  the  carriage. 

2.  Tho  men  were  in  the  carriage. 

3.  Jolm  was  walking  down  the  street. 

4.  John  and  James  were  walking  down  the  street. 

How  many  men  are  spoken  of  in  the  first  sentence?  Is 
something  said  about  more  than  one  horse  in  the  second 
sentence?  In  which  sentence  is  was  used?  In  which 
sentence  is  were  used? 

How  many  boys  are  spoken  of  in  the  third  sentence? 
How  maiiy  boys  are  spoken  of  in  the  fourth?  Why  is 
was  used  iu  the  third  sentence,  and  were  in  the  fourth? 

When  speaking  of  one,  use  was.  When  speaking  of 
more  than  one,  use  were. 

Copy  the  following,  filling  the  blanks  with  was  or 
were  so  as  to  make  sentences  :  — 

1.  They not  at  home. 

2.  I at  home. 

3.  The  stars shining  brightly. 

4.  The  moon shining  brightly. 

5.  The  soldiers drilling. 

6.  The  boys sailing  the  boat. 

7.  The  soldier cleaning  his  musket 

8.  He glad  to  see  us. 

9.  We glad  to  see  you, 

10.  The  policeman making  an  arrest. 

11.  The  rivers frozen  over. 

12.  The  wind blowing  a  gale. 

13.  This once  a  land  of  negro  slavery. 


106  LANGUAGE 

THE   MOUNTAIN   AND   THE   SQUIRREL 

The  mountain  and  the  squirrel 

Had  a  quarrel, 

And  the  former  called  the  latter  "  little  prig." 

Bun  replied, 

"  You  are  doubtless  very  big  ; 

But  all  sorts  of  things  and  weather 

Must  be  taken  in  together, 

To  make  up  a  year 

And  a  sphere. 

And  I  think  it  no  disgrace 

To  occupy  m}^  place. 

If  I  am  not  so  large  as  you, 

You  are  not  so  small  as  I, 

And  not  half  so  spry. 

I'll  not  deny  you  make 

A  very  pretty  squirrel  track  ; 

Talents  differ ;  all  is  well  and  wisely  put ; 

If  I  cannot  carry  forests  on  my  back, 

Neither  can  you  crack  a  nut."  —  R.  W.  Emerson 

1.  Tell  the  names  in  the  above  poem. 

2.  Write  each  name  first  in  the  singular  and  then  in 
the  plural. 

3.  Write  the  ideas  of  this  poem  in  your  own  words. 

4.  What  words  begin  with  capital  letters?     Why? 

5.  Write  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  sentence :  — 

mountain      squirrel       quarrel      forest       neither      track 
disgrace         weather      year  place        back  small 

This  (,)  mark  of  punctuation  is  a  comma. 
This  (;)  mark  is  a  semicolon. 


LANGUAGE  107 

WORDS  THAT  TELL  HOW,  WHEN,  WHERE 

1.  The  fox  runs  fast. 

2.  The  fox  will  get  away  soon. 

3.  The  fox  is  there- 
How  does  the  fox  run?     When  will  the  fox  get  away? 

Where  is  the  fox? 

Words  which  tell  how,  when,  or  where  are  called 
adverbs.  Write  the  following,  filling  the  blanks  with 
adverbs  :  — 

1.  Every  one  should  do  his  work . 

2.  The  storm  came  very . 

3.  He  gave  the  money to  the  poor. 

4.  The  old  gentleman  spoke  very to  him. 

5.  You  must  be on  time. 

6.  John  came ,  and  missed  the  train. 

7.  The  old  man  walked down  the  street. 

8.  The  policeman  will  be  here . 

9.  The  train  stopped . 

10.  He does  his  duty. 

11.  He  was  vexed  and  spoke . 


12.    Charles  did  not  come ,  but  he  will  be  here 


Learn  to  spell  each  of  the  following  adverbs,  and  then 
write  it  in  a  sentence  ;  — 


quickly 

late 

soon 

yesterday 

to-morrow 

early 

finely 

gladly 

quite 

truly 

usually 

politely 

slowly 

plainly 

often 

108  LANGUAGE 

THE    POSSESSIVE   FORMS   OF   NAMES 

1.  The  boy  has  a  new  coat. 

2.  Tlie  boy's  coat  is  new. 

3.  The  boys  have  new  coats. 

4.  The  boys'  coats  are  new. 

Who  has  a  new  coat?  Whose  coat  is  new?  What  is 
added  to  the  name  hoy  to  make  it  denote  possession  ? 

Who  have  new  coats  ?  Whose  coats  are  new  ?  What 
is  added  to  the  name  hoys  to  make  it  denote  possession  ? 

To  make  a  singular  name  denote  possession^  add  's  to  it. 
To  make  a  plural  name  denote  possession,  add  the  apostrophe. 

When  the  plural  form  does  not  end  in  s,  add  the  apjostrophe 
and  s  thus,  women's,  men's. 

Write  the  following  sentences.  Change  the  names 
denoting  possession  to  the  plural  form,  and  make  any  other 
necessary  changes  :  — 

1.  The  boy's  knife  was  new. 

2.  The  boys'  knives  were  new. 

3.  The  bird's  wing  is  broken. 

4.  The  girl's  dress  is  torn. 

5.  The  ship's  sail  can  now  be  seen, 

6.  The  dog's  ear  is  bleeding. 

7.  The  robin's  breast  is  red. 

8.  My  sister's  book  is  on  the  table. 

9.  My  neighbor's  house  is  very  old. 

10.  My  brother's  dog  is  hungry. 

11.  I  must  answer  my  cousin's  letter. 

12.  The  man's  boots  are  dirty. 


LANGUAGE  109  ] 

I 


MAKING   SENTENCES 

We  saw  the  sly  monkey. 

We  saw  the  cuniimg  monkey. 

We  saw  the  wild  monkey. 

We  saw  the  sly,  cunning,  wild  monkey. 

Combine  the  sentences  in  each  of  the  following  groups 
into  a  single  sentence  :  — 

1.  The  tall  pine  tree  stood  on  the  river's  bank. 
The  lonely  pine  tree  stood  on  the  river's  bank. 
The  old  pine  tree  stood  on  the  river's  bank. 

2.  He  was  lying  on  the  cold  ice. 
He  was  lying  on  the  smooth  ice. 
He  was  lying  on  the  hard  ice. 

3.  There  were  many  smooth  pebbles  on  the  beach. 
There  were  many  round  pebbles  on  the  beach. 
There  were  many  white  pebbles  on  the  beach. 

4.  The  gay  children  are  coming  down  the  street. 
The  noisy  children  are  coming  down  the  street. 
The  frolicsome  children  are  coming  down  the  street 

5.  She  had  some  fresh  flowers. 
She  had  some  bright  flowers. 
She  had  some  beautiful  flowers. 

6.  We  saw  sloops  in  the  harbor. 
We  saw  schooners  in  the  harbor. 
We  saw  yachts  in  the  harbor. 

7.  The  blacksmith  was  a  strong  man 
The  blacksmith  was  a  large  man. 
The  blacksmith  was  a  dark  man. 


no  LANGUAGE 

THE   PLURAL   OF  NOUNS 

1.  The  mill  is  closed  on  Sunday. 

2.  The  mills  are  closed  on  Sunday, 

3.  The  wheel  turns  quickly. 

4.  The  wheels  turn  quickly. 

How  many  mills  are  spoken  of  in  the  first  sentence? 
How  many  are  spoken  of  in  the  second  sentence?  Does 
the  subject  of  tlie  third  sentence  stand  for  one  or  for  more 
than  one  thing?  For  how  many  things  does  the  subject 
of  the  fourth  sentence  stand  ? 

How  do  the  words  mill  and  7n{lls  differ  in  meaning? 
How  do  they  differ  in  spelling  ? 

How  do  the  words  wheel  and  wheels  dijffer  in  meaning? 
How  do  they  differ  in  spelling? 

The  plural  of  most  nouns  is  formed  hy  addiiig  s  or  es  to 
the  singular. 

Write  the  following  sentences,  using  the  nouns  in  the 
plural  instead  of  the  singular  number.  Use  is,  Aas,  and 
was,  when  speaking  of  one  thing,  and  are,  have,  and  were, 
when  speaking  of  more  than  one  thing. 

1.  The  car  was  overloaded. 

2.  The  class  was  dismissed  at  nine  o'clock 

3.  The  light  has  gone  out. 

4.  The  street  is  blocked  with  teams. 

Write  sentences,  using  for  subjects  the  plural  forms  of 
the  following  words  :  — 

paper  shoe  soap  towel  water 

brushes  coin  needle  collar  button 


LANGUAGE  111 

LETTERS 

Copy  the  following  business  letter,  noticing  the  capital 
letters,  abbreviations,  and  punctuation.  You  will  notice 
that  on  the  first  two  lines  are  written  the  address  of  the 
writer  and  the  date  of  writing.  These  are  on  the  right- 
hand  side  of  the  page. 

On  the  following  lines  and  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the 
page  the  name  of  the  company  to  which  you  are  writing 
and  its  address  are  written.  Then  follows  on  the  next 
line  the  word  G-entlemen.  When  the  body  of  the  letter 
has  been  written,  the  writer  signs  himself, 

Yours  very  truly, 

Thomas  Jones. 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
June  1,  1904. 

The  American  Book  Company, 

Washington  Square,  New  York,  N.Y. 

Gentlemen, 

Kindly  send  me  by  express  one  complete  set  of 
Shakespeare's  works.     I  inclose  check  for  $15  in  payment. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Thomas  Jones. 

1.  Write  a  letter  to  Warwick  Brothers,  Market  Street, 
Chicago,  111.,  ordering  three  umbrellas  at  f  2  each. 

2.  Write  to  the  Century  Company,  ordering  the  Cen- 
tury Magazine  for  one  year  at  $4. 


112  LANGUAGE 

TOPICS   FOR   ADDITIONAL   LESSONS 

The  foregoing  lessons  are  intended  partly  as  outlines, 
partly  as  examples.  With  some  classes  of  foreigners  or 
of  illiterates  this  course  may  be  completed  in  a  hundred 
evenings.  AVith  most  classes  the  materials  used  as  sugges- 
tions should  serve  for  many  more  than  a  hundred  evenings. 

Additional  lessons  may  be  given  on  such  topics  as  the 
following :  — 

The  Alphabet  and  Phonics ;  Birds  and  Animals ;  Clothes ; 
Drawings  and  Pictures;  Forms  of  Labor;  Conduct  in 
Society ;  The  Industrial  Arts ;  Music  and  Musical 
Instruments;  Articles  of  Manufacture;  National  Banks ; 
Books  ;  Forms  of  Merchandising  ;  Savings  Banks ; 
Government  and  its  Offices,  Duties,  Privileges ;  Building 
and  Loan  Associations  ;  Buying  Goods ;  Newspapers ; 
Rights  of  American  Citizens ;  Truth ;  Beauty ;  Goodness. 

Any  topic  within  the  knowledge  of  the  students  and 
centralized  upon  some  typical  feature  may  be  made  to 
serve  the  purpose  of  familiarizing  them  with  the  English 
language,  written  and  spoken. 

The  illustrations  in  good  weekly  papers  and  popular 
monthly  magazines  are  often  helpful. 

It  is  very  important  to  review  every  evening  all  words 
previously  learned,  both  for  their  sound  and  for  their 
spelling,  until  the  strange  words  have  become  entirely 
familiar. 


^ 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

405  Hilgard  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


c 


m 

URL 


Form  I 


007  617  431   7 


■•-I 


1*2  mr 

JOB  A^ 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    000  352  567    2 


JN; 


of  CAL. 

IT 
^  ANGELEj^ 
JBRARY 


^>(A 


3rsity  of  Ca 
uthern  Regi 
j^ibrary  Faci] 


